Notes

Icarus’ Dog

Even to Phoebus did the Cretan bring gifts most welcome, and to Bacchus was Icarus a host more pleasing than all besides, as stars in the clear sky witness, Erigone and the Hound, lest a distant age deny the tale.

[note re Icarus: Icarius (Icarus), an Athenian, and his daughter Erigone entertained Dionysus when he visited Attica. In return Dionysus presented him with a skin of wine. The shepherds whom Icarius regaled with the liquor, thinking that they were poisoned, killed him. His corpse was discovered by his dog Maera, who led Erigone to the spot. She hanged herself there, and the three were transformed by Dionysus into constellations.]

Lesser Dog-star

Nam caniculae exortu accendi solis vapores quis ignorat, cuius sideris effectus amplissimi in terra sentiuntur? fervent maria exoriente eo, fluctuant in cellis vina, moventur stagna. orygem appellat Aegyptus feram quam in exortu eius contra stare et contueri tradit ac velut adorare cum sternuerit. canes quidem toto eo spatio maxime in rabiem agi non est dubium.

For who is not aware that the heat of the sun increases at the rising of the Lesser Dog-star, whose effects are felt on earth very widely? At its rise the seas are rough, wine in the cellars ripples in waves, pools of water are stirred. There is a wild animal in Egypt called the gazelle that according to the natives stands facing this dog-star at its rise, and gazing at it as if in worship, after first giving a sneeze. It is indeed beyond doubt that dogs throughout the whole of that period are specially liable to rabies.

chien de Icarus

La canicule. Il semble que Rabelais fasse ici allusion non seulement à la chaleur qu’il fait au temps où l’on cueille le chanvre, mais à la persècution que François I^er exerca, presque dès l’époque de la naissance de Henri II, contre les hérétiques, qui furent obligés, pour s’y soustraire, de pratiquer le culte de l’Évangile dans des souterrains, comme les premiers chrétiens qu’ils prenoient pour modèles.

Icarus’ Dog

Icarus, son of Oebalus, king of Sparta, and father of Erigone and Penelope. He was placed in the heavens as the constellation Boötes, Erigone as Virgo, and their dog Maera as Canis Major (Sirius). Tibull. iv. i. 10.

Le chien d’Icare

Le chien d’Icare est la constellation dite Icarius Canis ou Canis major. Cf. Tibulle, IV, i, 10.

le chien de Icarus

L’étoile d’Icare est la canis stella ou la canicule, étoile toujours associée par les Anciens à l’idée d’une chaleur insupportable (cf. Textor, Epitheta).

chien de Icarus

Constellation du Chien, ou Canicule.

le chien de Icarus

Le «chien de Icarus» est la constellation dite Icarius canis, ou canicule. Icarius ayant été tué, son chien conduisit près du cadavre Erigone, qui à cette vue se pendit (un cas à ajouter à la liste précédente des pendus); le chien fut mis au rang des constellations. Sur l’importance de la date de naissance de Pantagruel, voir les travaux de Claude Gaignebet.

dog day

dog day, after post-classical Latin caniculares dies dog days, itself after Hellenistic Greek κυνάδες ἡμέραι.

The hottest part of the summer, associated in ancient times with the heliacal rising of the Dog Star in the Mediterranean area, and formerly considered to be the most unhealthy period of the year and a time of ill omen.The dog days have been variously reckoned, as depending on either the Greater Dog Star (Sirius) or the Lesser Dog Star (Procyon), and on either the heliacal rising or the cosmical rising (which occurs at an earlier date). The timing of these risings depends on latitude, and they do not occur at all in most of southern hemisphere; in addition, owing to the precession of the equinox they now take place later in the year. As a result very different dates have been assigned for the dog days, their beginning ranging from 3 July to 15 August, and their duration varying from 30 to 61 days. In the Calendar of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer they run from 7 July to 5 September. In current calendars they are often said to begin on 3 July and end on 11 August (i.e. the 40 days preceding the cosmical rising of Sirius at the latitude of Greenwich).

The name arose from the pernicious qualities of the season being attributed to the ‘influence’ of the Dog Star; but it has long been popularly associated with the belief that at this season dogs are most liable to go mad.

In early use: an evil time; a period in which malignant influences prevail. Now (in weakened sense): a period of inactivity or decline.

The Story of the Dog Transported to the Constellations

228. This is the story of the dog placed among the constellations. Jove made this dog a protector of Europa. The dog came to Crete because Europa was fond of hunting and because no wild beast could outrun it. After her death, the dog went to Cephalus, whose wife was Procris. Cephalus took the dog with him to Thebes, where, it was said, there was a fox that could elude all dogs. And so, when the dog and the fox had reached the same spot, Jupiter did not know what to do, as Histrius says, and he changed both into stone. Some have said that this dog was Orion’s. Since Orion was fond of hunting, the dog was placed with him among the constellations. But others have said that he was Icarus’ dog.

Icarius

Icarius
Not to be confused with Icarus, whose wings failed in flight.
In Greek mythology, there were two people named Icarius
1 Icarius of Sparta
2 Icarius of Athens

Icarius of Sparta

One Icarius was the son of either Perieres and Gorgophone or of Oebalus and Bateia, brother of Hippocoon and Tyndareus and, through Periboea, father of Penelope, Perileos, Thoas, Damasippus, Imeusimus, Aletes and Iphthime.[1] According to other traditions, he was the father of Penelope, Alyzeus and Leucadius by Polycaste.[2] His other possible wives were Dorodoche (daughter of Ortilochus) and Asterodia (daughter of Eurypylus);[3] the latter was said to have born him five sons – Amasichus, Phalereus, Thoon, Pheremmelias, Perilaos – and a daughter Laodice[4] or Laodamia.[5] He was a Spartan king and a champion runner who would not allow anyone to marry his daughter unless he beat him in a race. Odysseus succeeded and married Penelope.[6] After they got married, Icarius tried to persuade Odysseus to remain in Sparta. He did leave with Penelope, but Icarius followed them, imploring his daughter to stay. Odysseus told her she must choose whether to be with her father or with her husband. Penelope did not answer, but modestly covered her face with a veil. Icarius correctly understood that this was a sign of her will to leave with Odysseus, let them go and erected a statue of Aidos (Modesty) on the spot.[7] Icarius was apparently still alive at the time of the events of the Odyssey.

Icarius of Athens

Icarius transporting wine in a 3rd-century mosaic from Paphos
The other Icarius was from Athens. He was cordial towards Dionysus, who gave his shepherds wine. They became intoxicated and killed Icarius, thinking he had poisoned them. His daughter, Erigone, and her dog, Maera, found his body. Erigone hung herself over her father’s grave.[8][9] Dionysus was angry and punished Athens with a plague, inflicting insanity on all the unmarried women, who all hung themselves like Erigone did. The plague did not cease until the Athenians introduced honorific rites for Icarius and Erigone. Icarius was placed in the stars as the constellation Boötes.[10][11] There is a mosaic in Paphos, Cyprus, from a Roman villa from the mid 2nd century a.d. which is called “Dionysus House”. The mosaic First wine drinkers describes Dionysus giving the gift of vine and wine to Icarius as a reward for Icarius’ generous hospitality.[12] It was probably this Icarius whom Clement of Alexandria[13] referred to as husband of Phanothea, a woman who was believed to have invented the hexameter.[14]
References
Bibliotheca 3. 10. 3-6
Strabo, Geography, 10. 2. 24
Scholia on Homer, Odyssey 15. 16
Scholia on Homer, Odyssey, 1. 275 & 277
Scholia on Homer, Odyssey, 4. 797
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 12. 2
Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. 20. 10-11
Bibliotheca 3. 14. 7
Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 47. 34
Hyginus, Fabulae, 130
Hyginus, Poetical Astronomy, 2. 4
Kondoleon, C. Domestic and Divine: Roman Mosaics in the House of Dionysos. Cornell University Press, 1995, p. 177.
Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, 1. 16
^ William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 2, page 558

Erigone

Erigone (daughter of Icarius)
Not to be confused with Erigone (daughter of Aegisthus).
In Greek mythology, Erigone was the daughter of Icarius of Athens. Icarius was cordial towards Dionysus, who gave his shepherds wine. They became intoxicated and killed Icarius, thinking he had poisoned them. His daughter, Erigone, and her dog, Maera, found his body. Erigone hanged herself over her father’s grave. Dionysus was angry and punished Athens by making all of the city’s maidens commit suicide in the same way. Erigone was placed in the stars as the constellation Virgo.
According to Ovid, Dionysus “deceived Erigone with false grapes”,[3] that is, assumed the shape of a grape cluster to approach and seduce her.\References
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 14. 7
Hyginus, Fabulae, 130
Ovid, Metamorphoses, 6. 125: Erigonen falsa decepit uva

Erigone

Erigone (daughter of Aegisthus)
In Greek mythology, Erigone was the daughter of Aegisthus and Clytemnestra, rulers of Mycenae. Some accounts said by her half-brother, Orestes, Erigone was the mother of Penthilus. She would have been slain by Orestes along with her brother Aletes if not for the intervention of Artemis, who rescued her and made her a priestess in Attica.[1] In some stories, she hangs herself after the child is born, though this may be a confusion with Erigone, daughter of Icarius. Also, after Hermione died, she is said to have married Orestes and gave birth to Penthilus. Or it is said she sued Orestes for murder of her parents.
References
Hyginus, Fabulae 122

Notes

De la nativité du tresredoubté Pantagruel. Cha.ii.

Gargantua en son aage de quattre cens quattre vingtz quarante & quattre ans engendra son fils Pantagruel de sa femme nommée Badebec fille du Roy des Amaurotes en Utopie, laquelle mourut de mal d’enfant: car il estoit si grand & si lourd, qu’il ne put venir à lumiere, sans ainsi suffocquer la mere. Mais pour entendre pleinement la cause et raison de son nom qui luy fut baillé en baptesme: Vous noterez que celle année il y avoit une si grand seicheresse en tout le pays de Affricque, pour ce qu’il y avoit passé plus de xxxvi. moys sans pluye, avec chaleur de soleil si vehesmente, que toute la terre en estoit aride. Et ne fut point au temps de Helye plus eschauffée que fut pour lors. Car il n’y avoit arbre sus terre qu’il eust ny feuille ny fleur, les herbes estoient sans verdeur, les rivieres taries, les fontaines à sec, les pauvres poissons delaissez de leurs propres elements vagans et cryans par la terre horriblement, les oyseaulx tumbans de l’air par faulte de rosée, les loups, les regnars, cerfs, sangliers, daims, lievres, connils, bellettes, foynes, blereaux & aultres bestes l’on trouvoit par les champs mortes la gueule baye. Et au regard des hommes, c’estoit la grande pitié, vous les eussiez veus tirans la langue comme levriers qui ont couru six heures. Plusieurs se gettoient dedans les puys, d’aultres se mettoient au ventre d’une vache pour estre à l’umbre: & les appelle Homere Alibantes. Toute la contrée estoit à l’ancre: c’estoit pitoyable de veoir le travail des humains pour se guarantir de ceste horrificque alteration. Car il y avoit prou affaire de saulver l’eau benoiste par les esglises qu’elle ne feust desconfite: mais l’on y donna tel ordre par le conseil de messieurs les cardinaulx & du sainct pere, que nul n’en osoit prendre qu’une venue: Encores quand quelqu’ung entroit en l’esglise, vous en eussiez veu à vingtaines de pauvres alterez qui venoient au derriere de celluy qui la distribuoit à quelqu’ung la gueulle ouverte pour en avoir quelque petite goutelette: comme le maulvais Riche, affin que rien ne se perdit. O que bienheureux fut en ceste année celuy qui eut cave fraische & bien garnie.

alteration

Alteration: An alteration, change, or changing; also, thirst, or drouth.
Alteré: Altered, changed, varied, different from what was; falsified, sophisticated; also, drie, athirst, almost dried up; also, extremely passionat, exceedingly angered, or moved; in a chafe, in a flame.
Alterer. To alter, change, varie, turne from what was; also, to adulterate, falsifie, sophisticate; also, to breed, or increase thirst, or drouth; to make drie, or adrie; to drie up.
s’alterer. To grow drie, or athirst; also, to fall in a chafe, or grow into choler.

CHAPTER II Of the Nativity of the very redoubted Pantagruel

GARGANTUA at the Age of four hundred fourscore forty and four Years begat his Son Pantagruel on his Wife, named Badebec, Daughter of the King of the Amaurots in Utopia, who died in Childbirth ; for he was so wonderfully big and heavy that it was impossible for him to come into the World without thus suffocating his Mother.

But to understand fully the Cause and Reason for his Name, which was given him at Baptism, you will note that in that Year there was so great a Drought throughout all the Land of Africa that there passed thirty-six Months, three Weeks, four Days, thirteen Hours and some little more without Rain, with the Sun’s Heat so vehement that all the Earth was parched up by it ; neither was it more burnt up in the Days of a Elijah than it was then, for there was no Tree on the Earth that had either Leaf or Flower.

The Grass was without Verdure, the Rivers drained, the Fountains dried up ; the poor Fish abandoned by their own Element, straggling and crying horribly along the Ground, the Birds falling from the Air for want of Dew; the Wolves, Foxes, Stags, Boars, Deer, Hares, Conies, Weasels, Martins, Badgers and other Beasts were found in the Fields dead with their Mouths agape.

With respect to Men, the Case was most piteous ; you might have seen them lolling out their Tongues like Greyhounds that had run six Hours ; many threw themselves into Wells; others put themselves into a Cow’s Belly to be in the Shade ; these Homer calls Alibantes.

Smith’s notes:

1 Amaurots (ἀμανρὸϚ) dimly seen, invisible = non-existent. There is a city of that name in Sir Thomas More’s Utopia, published 1516.
2 Alibantes. This is hardly exact. Homer speaks (Od. vi. 201) of διεροἰ βροτοἰ, that is, moist, juicy, vigorous men, but not of the opposite, dried up. It is a word used by Eustathius in his explanation of διερὀϛ. But probably Rabelais owed both his information and his error to Plutarch (Quaest. Conviv. viii. 10, 11-12), who first speaks of διερὀϛ as used in Homer, and then proceeds to speak of ἀλβαϛ. The word also occurs in Plato, Rep. iii. 387 c. Also ἀμέλει τοὺς ἀποθανόντας “ἀλίβαντας” καλοῦσιν ὡς ἐνδεεῖς “λιβάδος,” τουτέστιν ὑγρότητος, καὶ παρὰ τοῦτο στερουμένους τοῦ ζῆν (Plut. Mor. 956 A) [ That, of course, is the reason why the dead are called alibantes, meaning that they are without libas, “moisture,” and for lack of that deprived of life. Man has often existed without fire, but without water never. ]

Notes

autant grand que l’herbe

Selon Pline, le chanvre atteint normalement la hauteur de cinq à six pieds, mais cet auteur prétend qu’il peut, à l’occasion, croitre plus haut que les arbres (XX, 9).

Notes

autant grand que l’herbe

Selon Pline, le chanvre atteint normalement la hauteur de cinq à six pieds, mais cet auteur prétend qu’il peut, à l’occasion, croitre plus haut que les arbres (XX, 9).

Notes

par similitude

Alors que les autres plantes sont nommées ou par similitude, ou «par leurs vertus et operations», etc., le Pantagruélion merite son nom de tous ces points de vue.

soif imminente

Allusion à la fonction du petit diable Pantagruel. Cf. l. II, Introd., p. xviii.

Notes

Pantagruel, Chapter 6

Comment Pantagruel rencontra un Limosin qui contrefaisoit le langaige Françoys.

ne print oncques a la guorge

Sauf l’Écolier limousin (Pantagruel, chap. VI).