Category Archives: fragment

trefoil, which has three leaves

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trefoil, which has three leaves;

Original French:  Trefeueil, qui a trois feueilles:

Modern French:  Trefeueil, qui a trois feueilles:


Among the plants named for their forms. The plants in this group also appear in Charles Estienne’s De Latinis et Graecis nominibus…[1], published in Paris in 1544, two years before the first edition of the Le Tiers Livre[2].


1. Estienne, Charles (1504–1564), De Latinis et Graecis nominibus arborum, fruticum, herbarum, piscium & avium liber : ex Aristotele, Theophrasto, Dioscoride, Galeno, Nicandro, Athenaeo, Oppiano, Aeliano, Plinio, Hermolao Barbaro, et Joanne Ruellio : cum Gallica eorum nominum appellatione. Paris: 1544. Bibliothèque nationale de France

2. Rabelais, François (1494?–1553), Le Tiers Livre des faictz et dictz Heroïques du noble Pantagruel: composez par M. François Rabelais docteur en Medicine, & Calloïer des Isles Hieres. L’auteur susdict supplie les Lecteurs benevoles, soy reserver a rire au soixante & dixhuytiesme livre. Paris: Chrestien Wechel, 1546. Gallica


Notes

Trifolium pratense

Trifolium pratense
Trifolium pratense

Thomé, Otto Wilhelm (1840–1925), Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz in Wort und Bild für Schule und Haus. Gera, Germany: Untermhaus, 1885. Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz

trefoil

Folio coronat et trifolium. tria eius genera: minyanthes vocant Graeci, alii asphaltion, maiore folio, quo utuntur coronarii, alterum acuto oxytriphyllon. tertium ex omnibus minutissimum. inter haec nervosi cauliculi quibusdam ut maratho, hippomaratho, myophono. utuntur et ferulis et corymbis hederae, et flore purpureo in alio genere earum silvestribus rosis simili. sed in his quoque colos tantum delectat, odor autem abest. Et cneori duo genera, nigri atque candidi. hoc et odoratum, ramosa ambo. florent post aequinoctium autumnum. totidem et origani in coronamentis species, alterius enim nullum semen, id cui odor est Creticum vocatur.

The leaves of trefoil also are used for chaplets. There are three kinds of it: the first is called by some Greeks minyanthes, by others asphaltion, having a larger leaf than the other kinds, which the garland makers use. The second kind, oxytriphyllon, has a pointed leaf. The third is the smallest of them all. Among these some have a sinewy stem, such as marathum, hippomarathum, myophonum. They use also fennel-giant, the clusters of the ivy and a red flower classified in another kind of the ivies and resembles the wild rose. But in these too it is only the colour that pleases, as they have no perfume. There are also two kinds of cneorum, a dark and a white. The latter has perfume, and both are branchy. They blossom after the autumnal equinox. There are also two kinds of wild marjoram used for chaplets, one having no seed, and the other, which has perfume, being called Cretan.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 6: Books 20–23. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951. 21.30. Loeb Classical Library

Trefoil

Pliny xxi. 9, § 30.

Rabelais, François (1494?–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

trefeuil

Τρίφυλλον, trifolium, allusion aux feuilles, composée de trois folioles, de la plante. «Folio coronat et trifolium», dit Pline, XXI, 30, qui en décrit trois espèces: 1° minyanthès ou asphaltion, qui serait pour Fée Psoralea bituminosa, L. (à ne pas confondre avec le ményanthe de Theophraste (IV, II), qui est le trèfle d’eau, Menyanthes trifoliata, L.). 2° Oxytriphyllon. 3° Minutissimum.
Il est probable que Rabelais vise ice le trefeuil (treuffle), notre trèfle fourrager, du G. Trifolium qui comprend de nombreuses espèces. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (1494?–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 357. Internet Archive

Les aultres de leurs formes

Encore une fois, tout cela se retrouve dans le petit livre de Charles Estienne, De latinis nominibus.

Rabelais, François (1494?–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael Andrew Screech (1926-2018), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

trefoil

trefoil. Forms: trifolie, tryfolye, -foly, -folly, trifoly, treyfoyle, treifoile; traif-, treff-, terf-, treef-, tryfoyle; tri-, tre-, -foil(e, -foyl(e, trey-, (tree-) foile, trefoil, trey-, trayfole, (folde), trifole, trifol, tre-fole [The A-forms appear to be directly adaptation of Latin trifolium, formed on tri- three + folium leaf; the b-forms, from Anglo-French French trifoil (c 1265 in Thomas Wright and Richard Paul Wülcker, Anglo-Saxon and Old English Vocabularies (1884) 556/33): compare late Old French trefeuil, -feul (15th century in Godefroy).]

A plant of the genus Trifolium, having triple or trifoliate leaves; a clover: commonly applied to species or varieties other (esp. smaller) than those cultivated under the name of `clover.’

C. 1420 Palladius on husbondrie i. 701 For wonte of gresse, on trefoil let hem byte.

1450 Extracts from a Stockholm medical manuscript. ii. 666 in Anglia XVIII. 323 Of trifolie 3if þou take þe jows.

1552 Richard Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Trifoyle herbe, trifolium.

1562 William Turner A new herball, the seconde parte ii. 5 Ye lefe [of Fenegreke] is lyke vnto trifoly.

1577 Barnaby Googe, translator Heresbach’s Foure books of husbandry i. 45 The best hearbe for Pasture or Meddowe, is the Trefoyle or Clauer.

1580 John Lyly Euphues and his England (Arb.) 376 As salfe… as sleeping in the grasse Trifole, where… no serpent… dare venture.

1610 Guillim Heraldry iii. x. (1660) 146 The Treefoile is accounted the Husbandmans Almanack, because when it shutteth in the leaves it foretelleth raine.

1657 Samuel Purchas A theatre of politicall flying-insects i. xv. 94 Another kinde of Trifoly with long red blossomes.


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Posted 27 January 2013. Modified 26 April 2020.

Fragment 500621

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spica celtica,

Original French:  Spica Celtica,

Modern French:  Spica Celtica,



Notes

Spica celtica

Spica celtica

Peter Schöffer [ca. 1425–ca. 1502.]
[R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita
Plate 142
Mainz, 1484
Botanicus

Valeriana

Valeriana

Peter Schöffer [ca. 1425–ca. 1502.]
[R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita
Plate 149
Mainz, 1484
Botanicus

Nardus celtica

nardus celtica
Nardus celtica
Valeriana saxatilis L.
celtica L.

Andres Laguna [ca. 1511 – 1559]
Annotationes in Dioscoridem Anazarbeum … iuxta vetustissimorum codicum fidem elaboratae.
p. 17
Lyon: Apud Gulielmum Rovillium, 1554
Smithsonian Libraries

Spica Celtica

Spikenard.

François Rabelais [ca. 1483–1553]
The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III
William Francis Smith [1842–1919], translator
London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893
Archive.org

spica celtica

Spica celtica, nom bas-latin du Nard celtique des Anciens (originaire des Alpes méridionales ou Celtiques), par opposition au Nard indique. Valeriana celtica, L. (Valérianée). — Spic celtic, dit Platerius (XIIIe siècle). (Paul Delaunay)

François Rabelais [ca. 1483–1553]
Oeuvres. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Édition critique
p. 350
Abel Lefranc [1863-1952], editor
Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931
Archive.org

spica centica

spica celtica or nard, from Celtic Gaul…

François Rabelais [ca. 1483–1553]
Complete works of Rabelais
Jacques LeClercq [1891–1971], translator
New York: Modern Library, 1936

spica

spica. [Latin spica ear of grain, etc.: after Greek staxuj.]

oil of spica, oil of spike. Obsolete

C. 1400 Lanfranc’s Cirurg. 226 It is good… to comforte þe place wiþ oile of mastic, & oile of spica.


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Posted . Modified 5 February 2017.

stoechas, from my Isles Hieres anciently called Stoechades

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stoechas, from my Isles Hieres anciently called Stoechades,

Original French:  Stœchas, de mes iſles Hieres antiquement dictez Stœchades,

Modern French:  Stoechas, de mes isles Hières antiquement dictez Stoechades,



Notes

Scicados

Scicados

Schöffer, Peter (ca. 1425–ca. 1502), [R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita. Mainz: 1484. Botanicus

Lavendula

Lavendula
Plate 82

Schöffer, Peter (ca. 1425–ca. 1502), [R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita. Mainz: 1484. Botanicus

Lavendula

Lavendula

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 115v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Lavandula stœchas

Lavandula stoechas
Stichas
Stichaskraut
Taxon: Lavandula stoechas L.
Ancient Greek:stoichas
English:French lavender

Fuchs, Leonhart (1501 – 1566), De historia stirpium commentarii insignes…. Basil: In Officina Isingriniana, 1542. Smithsonian Library

Stoechades

Stoechas in insulis tantum eiusdem nominis gignitur, odorata herba coma hysopi, amara gustu. menses ciet potu, pectoris dolores levat. antidotis quoque miscetur.

Stoechas grows only in the islands of the same name, a fragrant plant with the foliage of hyssop [Dioscorides says thyme, III 26: ὁμοίαν ἔχουσα θύμῳ κόμην, but ὕσσωπος occurs a few words later] and a bitter taste. Taken in drink it is an emmenagogue, and relieves pains in the chest. It is also an ingredient of antidotes.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 27.107. Loeb Classical Library

Stoechados

Stoechados. French Lavender, Steckadoe, Stickadove, Cassidonie, Cast-me-downe.

Cotgrave, Randle (–1634?), A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongue. London: Adam Islip, 1611. PBM

Stœchades

Stœchades] Voiez Pline, l. 27 chap 12. Ce sont les Isles d’Hiéres.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres de Maitre François Rabelais. Publiées sous le titre de : Faits et dits du géant Gargantua et de son fils Pantagruel, avec la Prognostication pantagrueline, l’épître de Limosin, la Crême philosophale et deux épîtres à deux vieilles de moeurs et d’humeurs différentes. Nouvelle édition, où l’on a ajouté des remarques historiques et critiques. Tome Troisieme. Jacob Le Duchat (1658–1735), editor. Amsterdam: Henri Bordesius, 1711. p. 258. Google Books

Stœchas

Parcequ’il prend le titre de caloyer des îles d’Hières au titre du livre III et du livre IV.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres de Rabelais (Edition Variorum). Tome Cinquième. Charles Esmangart (1736–1793), editor. Paris: Chez Dalibon, 1823. p. 268. Google Books

isles Hieres

Rabelais prend le titre de Caloyer des îles d’Hières, en tête des livres III et IV du Pantagruel.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres de F. Rabelais. Nouvelle edition augmentée de plusieurs extraits des chroniques admirables du puissant roi Gargantua… et accompagnée de notes explicatives…. L. Jacob (pseud. of Paul Lacroix) (1806–1884), editor. Paris: Charpentier, 1840. p. 307.

caloyer

Moine grec, religieuse grecque, de l’ordre de Saint-Basile. Termes grecs signifiant beau, honorable, et vieillard.

Littré, Émile (1801–1881), Dictionnaire de la langue française. Paris: Hachette, 1872-1877. Dictionnaire vivant de la langue française

Stoechas

A kind of lavender (Pliny xxvii. 12 § 107). My islands, etc. On the title-page of the Third Book Rabelais calls himself Calloier des Isles Hières.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

caloyer

CALOYER [ÉTYM. Emprunté du grec mod beau et vieillard. XIVe S. Calogere, Caumont, dans GODEF. Suppl. 1512. Caloyer, Thénaud, Voy. d’outre-mer, dans DELB. Rec.] Religieux, religieuse de l’ordre de Saint-Basile, dans l’Église grecque.

Hatzfeld, Adolphe (1824-1900), Dictionnaire général de la langue Française du commencement du XVIIe siècle à nos jours. Tome Premier (A–F). Arsène Darmesteter, author. Paris: Librairie Ch. Delagrave, 1926. Gallica

isles Hieres

Quelle allusion se cache sous l’appellation, prise par Rabelais, de « calloier des isles Hieres », nommées ailleurs « mes isles Hieres, anticquement dictez Stœchades ». On n’a pu, jusqu’ici, rien découvrir de précis à cet sujet. Faut-il supposer un voyage accompli par l’auteur durant la période de sa vie, restée si obscure, qui va de 1543 à 1545, ou ne voir, sous ce titre, qu’un simple souvenir du temps où ses séjours dans le Sud-Est ont pu l’amener à visiter ces îles, chère au botaniste ? Peut-être le nom Aureæ Insulæ qui leur fut octroyé à l’époque de la Renaissance, l’a-t-il conduit se représenter, par antiphrase, comme un religieux maître de ces belles solitudes. Un hasard heureux pourra seul procurer la solution de cette petite énigme.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. Introduction, p. xcix. Internet Archive

Stœchades

Des îles Stœchades, auj. îles d’Hyères, Σνοτχάζ (Dioscoride, III, 31). « Stœchas in insulis tantum ejusdem nominis gignitur odorata herba », dit Pline, XXVII, 107. C’est Lavendula stœchas, L. (Labiée). Rabelais dit « mes îles Hieres » parce qu’il prise le titre de Calloier des îles Hyères. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 350. Internet Archive

mes isles Hières

Cf. la page de titre du TL,

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael A. Screech (b. 1926), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

Les Iles d’Hyères

On the title page of the editions of the Tiers Livre published in 1546 and 1547 (New Rabelais Bibliography numbers 28 to 32), Rabelais assumes the epithet, “Docteur en Medicine and Calloier des Isles Hieres.” In the edition published in 1552 (NRB 36, on which this commentary is based), Calloier is omitted.

Rawles, Stephen, “A New Rabelais Bibliography. Editions of Rabelais before 1626”. M.A. Screech, author. Etudes rabelaisiennes, t. 20, 1987.

isles Hières

En 1546, l’auteur était Calloïer des Isles Hieres (var. b, p. 339).

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 504, n. 8.

le nom des regions…

Toutes ces informations sur les plantes dont le nom est d’origine géographique sont dans le livre d’Estienne, sauf sur la rhubarbe, pour laquelle Rabelais suit sans doute Ruellius, De Natura stirpium (1536), III, 2 (mêmes renseignements dans B. Chasseneuz, Catalogus gloria mindi, XII, 90). Sur «Stœchas» (Pline, XXVII, 12), le «Calloïer des Isles Hieres» (ou Stéchades), comme signe Rabelais in 1546, ne pouvait oublier cette plante; mais c’est aussi un façon de rappeler que toutes ces pages l’ont pour auteur.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Jean Céard, editor. Librarie Général Français, 1995. p. 454.

stoechas

stoechas. Also stechas, stichas. See also stechados, stickadove. [Latin, adopted from Greek stoixa. According to Pliny the plant was so called because imported from the Stoechades islands (Greek Stoixadej, literally `standing in a row’, formed on stoixoj row), now Les Iles d’Hyères.]

The plant French Lavender, Lavandula stoechas.

1548 William Turner The names of herbes in Greke, Latin, Englische, Duche, and Frenche 77 Stechas… may be called in english stichas or Lauender gentle.
1597 John Gerard (or Gerarde) The herball, or general historie of plants ii. clxx. 470 The later phisitions affirme, that Stoechas, and especially the flowers of it are most effectuall against paines of the head.


caloyer

Religieux grec de l’ordre de Saint-Basile. 1509 caloyer (J. Le Maire, Œuvres, III, 371, Stecher, ibid.). Empr. au gr. mod. kalogeros (g se prononçant y) proprement « bon vieillard » gr. καλο ́ς « beau » (en gr. class.) puis « parfait » (en gr. post-class.) et γε ́ρων « vieillard »; cf. le m. fr. calogere, 1418 (Caum., Voy. d’oultr., p. 45 ds Gdf. Compl.)


Caloyer

Caloyer, moine grec de la règle de saint Basile. Par extens., chef, prince.

Godefroy, Frédéric (1826–97), Complément du dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française. et de tous ses dialectes du IXème au XVème siècle. Paris: Vieweg, Libraire-Éditeur, 1895-1902. Lexilogos – Dictionnaire ancien français

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Posted . Modified 12 July 2018.

psyllium, which resembles a flea

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psyllium, which resembles a flea;

Original French:  Pſylion, qui ſemble a la Puſſe:

Modern French:  Psylion, qui semble à la Pusse:


Among the plants named by similitude.


Notes

Plantago

Plantago. Meydenbach, Ortus Sanitatis (1491).

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 151v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

psyllium

Psyllion alii cynoides, alii crystallion, alii sicelicon, alii cynomyiam appellant, radice tenui supervacua, sarmentosum, fabae granis in cacuminibus, foliis canino capiti non dissimilibus, semine autem pulici, unde et nomen. hoc in bacis, ipsa herba in vineis invenitur. vis ad refrigerandum et discutiendum ingens. semen in usu. fronti inponitur in dolore et temporibus ex aceto et rosaceo aut posca. ad cetera inlinitur. acetabuli mensura sextarium aquae densat ac contrahit; tunc terere oportet et crassitudinem inlinere cuicumque dolori et collectioni inflammationique. vulneribus capitis medetur aristolochia, fracta extrahens ossa et in alia quidem parte corporis sed maxime capite, similiter plistolochia. thryselinum est non dissimile apio. huius radix commanducata purgat capitis pituitas.

Psyllion is called by some cynoides, by others chrystallion, by others sicelicon, and by others cynomyia; it has a slender root of no use in medicine, numerous twigs with grains like beans [This is a very strange phrase, and Fée calls the description absurd] at the point, leaves not unlike a dog’s head and seed not unlike a flea: hence too its name. The seed is in berries, and the plant itself is to be found in vineyards. Its cooling and dispersing properties are very strong. The part used is the seed. For headache it is applied to the forehead and temples in vinegar and rose oil or in vinegar and water. For other purposes it is used as liniment. An acetabulum thickens and coagulates a sextarius of water; then it should be beaten up and the paste applied as liniment to any pain, gathering or inflammation. Wounds in the head are healed by aristolochia, which also brings away fragments of bone in other parts of the body, but especially in the head; the same with plistolochia. Thryselinum is not unlike celery. The root of it chewed clears away catarrhs of the head.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 25.090. Loeb Classical Library

psyllion

Herbe aux puces; de φύλοζ, puce

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres de Rabelais (Edition Variorum). Tome Cinquième. Charles Esmangart (1736–1793), editor. Paris: Chez Dalibon, 1823. p. 270. Google Books

Psyllion

Pliny xxv. 11, § 90.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

psylion

Ψυλλιον, psyllium, herbe aux puces, de ψνλλα, puce, allusion à la forme des graines. «Psyllion… semine autem pulici unde et nomen», Pline XXV, 90. C’est Plantago psylllium, L.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 355. Internet Archive

pas similitude

Toutes ces plantes, dans De latinis nominibus, sauf pour le delphinium.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael Andrew Screech (1926-2018), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

Psylion

De φὑλλα, «puce» (Pline, XXV, xc).

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 505, n. 3.

psyllium

psyllium. [Latin psyllium, adopted from Greek yullion, formed on yulla flea.]

The herb Plantago psyllium = fleawort; also, (a preparation of) the seeds of this plant or of Psillium ovata or P. indica, used as a laxative.

1598 Joshuah Sylvester, translator Du Bartas his divine weekes and workes ii. i. iii. Furies 176 The dropsie-breeding, sorrow-bringing psylly, Here called fleawort.

1601 Philemon Holland, translator Pliny’s History of the world, commonly called the Natural historie II. 239 Psyllium, Fleawort, is good for the vlcers thereof.

1706 Phillips, Psyllium, the Herb Flea-bane or Flea-wort.


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Posted . Modified 20 January 2019.

smilax

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smilax,

Original French:  Smilax,

Modern French:  Smilax,



Notes

Lilium

Lilium

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 117v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

saphran

How you also, Celmis, now adamant, were once most faithful friend of little Jove; how the Curetes sprang from copious showers; how Crocus and his beloved Smilax were changed into tiny flowers. All these stories I will pass by and will charm your minds with a tale that is pleasing because new.

Ovid (43 BC-AD 17/18), Metamorphoses. Volume I: Books 1–8. Frank Justus Miller (1858–1938), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1916. 4.283. Loeb Classical Library

Smilax

Similis est hederae e Cilicia quidem primum profecta sed in Graecia frequentior quam vocant smilacem, densis geniculata caulibus, spinosis frutectosa ramis, folio hederaceo, parvo, non anguloso, a pediculo emittente pampinos, flore candido, olente lilium. fert racemos labruscae modo, non hederae, colore rubro, conplexa acinis maioribus nucleos ternos, minoribus singulos, nigros durosque, infausta omnibus sacris et coronis, quoniam sit lugubris virgine eius nominis propter amorem iuvenis Croci mutata in hunc fruticem. id volgus ignorans plerumque festa sua polluit hederam existimando, sicut in poetis aut Libero patre aut Sileno, quis omnino scit1 quibus coronentur?
E smilace fiunt codicilli; propriumque materia est ut admota auribus lenem sonum reddat. hederae mira proditur natura ad experienda vina, si vas fiat e ligno eius, vina transfluere ac remanere aquam si qua fuerit mixta.

Resembling ivy is the plant called smilax [A species of bind-weed] which first came from Cilicia, but is now more common in Greece; it has thick jointed stalks and thorny branches that make it a kind of shrub; the leaf resembles that of the ivy, but is small and has no corners, and throws out tendrils from its stalk; the flower is white and has the scent of a lily. It bears clusters of berries like those of the wild vine, not of the ivy; they are red in colour, and the larger ones enclose three hard black stones but the smaller a single stone. This plant is unlucky to use at all sacred rites and for wreaths, because it has a mournful association, a maiden named Smilax having been turned into a smilax shrub because of her love for a youth named Crocus. The common people not knowing this usually pollute their festivals with it because they think that it is ivy; just as in the case of the poets or Father Liber or Silenus, who wear wreaths made of who in the world knows what?
Smilax is used for making tablets; it is a peculiarity of this wood to give out a slight sound when placed to one’s ear. It is said that ivy has a remarkable property [Cato R.R. CXI] for testing wines, inasmuch as a vessel made of its wood allows wine to pass through it, water that has been mixed with the wine stops in the vessel.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 4: Books 12–16. Harris Rackham (1868–1944), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1945. 16.63. Loeb Classical Library

Smilax

Textor, Johannes Ravisius (ca. 1480–1524), Officinæ Ioannis Ravisii Textoris Niuernensis Historicis Poeticisque refertae Disciplinis. Bâle (Basel): 1503. Google Books

Smilax

Pliny xvi. 35, § 63.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

Smilax

Smilax, jeune fille qui fut, selon la fable, changée en plante avec son amant Crocus.

Et Crocon in parvos versum cum Smilace flores prætereo…
Ovide, Mét. IV 283-284

Smilax aspera L., Salsepareille d’Europe, Asparaginée grimpante de la France méridionale. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 354. Internet Archive

crocus

thus Crocus, a lovesick suitor, and smilax, after the maid he pined for…

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Complete works of Rabelais. Jacques LeClercq (1891–1971), translator. New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Smilax

Pour smilax (crocus) voir Textor, Officina, d’apres Ovide, Metam, IV 283.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael A. Screech (b. 1926), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

Smilax

Changée en plante grimpante en même temps que son amant Crocus.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 504, n. 28.

smilax

smilax. [adopted from Latin smi¯lax (Pliny), adopted from Greek smilac bindweed, etc.]

A large genus of liliaceous plants typical of the order Smilaceæ, or a species of this genus, the tuberous rootstocks of which constitute the sarsaparilla of commerce. In earlier writers, as Morwyng (1559) and Turner (1562), smilax is used in other senses of the Latin and Greek word, after passages in Pliny or Dioscorides.

1601 Philemon Holland, translator Pliny’s History of the world, commonly called the Natural historie II. 190 Some haue said that Smilax is of 2 sorts: the one… climbing trees, & tufted in the head with clusters… of berries.

C. 1610 Fairfax Eclogues iv. xv, Bay, Smilax, Myrtle… Grew there.

1671 William Salmon Synopsis medicinæ iii. xxii. 432 Smilax,… Bindweed; it opens the belly, dissolves hard swellings.

1710 W. King Heathen Gods & Heroes xxvii. (1722) 134 The Ivy, the Smilax, or Ropeweed,… were the Vegetables that he [Bacchus] delighted in.


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Posted . Modified 6 July 2018.

sabine

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sabine,

Original French:  Sabine,

Modern French:  Sabine,



Notes

Juniperus

Juniperus

Schöffer, Peter (ca. 1425–ca. 1502), [R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita. Mainz: 1484. Plate 75. Botanicus

Juniperus

Juniperus

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 106v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Oleander

Oleander

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 143v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Juniperus (text)

Juniperus (text)

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 106v. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Juniperus sabina

Juniperus sabina
Sabina
Seuenbaum

Fuchs, Leonhart (1501 – 1566), De historia stirpium commentarii insignes…. Basil: In Officina Isingriniana, 1542. Smithsonian Library

sabine

Herba Sabina brathy appellata a Graecis duorum generum est, altera tamarici folio similis, altera cupressi. quare quidam Creticam cupressum dixerunt. a multis in suffitus pro ture adsumitur, in medicamentis vero duplicato pondere eosdem effectus habere quos cinnamum traditur. collectiones minuit et nomas conpescit, inlita ulcera purgat, partus emortuos adposita extrahit et suffita. inlinitur igni sacro et carbunculis cum melle; ex vino pota regio morbo medetur. gallinacii generis pituitas fumo eius herbae sanari tradunt.

Sabine herb, called brathy by the Greeks, is of two kinds. One has a leaf like that of the tamarisk, the other like that of the cypress, for which reason some have called it the Cretan cypress. Many use it instead of frankincense for fumigations; in medicines moreover a double dose is said to be equivalent in strength to a single dose of cinnamon. It reduces gatherings and checks corroding sores; an application cleanses ulcers, and used as a pessary or for fumigation it brings away the dead foetus. With honey it is used as an ointment for erysipelas and carbuncles; taken in wine it cures jaundice. By fumigation sabine herb is said to cure the pip in chickens.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 24.61. Loeb Classical Library

Sabine

Pliny xxiv. 11, § 61.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

sabine

Arbrisseau commun en Italie dans le pays des Sabins: « Herba sabina… duorum generum est », dit Pline, XXIV, 61. Les deux espèces distinguées par cet auteut ne sont, pour Fée, que deux var. du Juniperus Sabina L. (Junipéracée). (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 350. Internet Archive

sabine

sabine, or oleander, from the Sabine province, north of Rome…

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Complete works of Rabelais. Jacques LeClercq (1891–1971), translator. New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Sabine

Sabine. [adaptation of Latin Sabinus]

Of or pertaining to the Sabines:

1600 Philemon Holland, translator tr. Livy’s Romane Hist. i. 8 And the youth of Rome upon a token and watch-word given, fell on every side to carrie away the Sabine maidens.

1606 Jonson Hymenaei sig. Cv, The Speare, which (in the Sabine tongue) was called Curis.

1697 Dryden Æneid viii. 842 Sabine dames.

1756 C. Smart tr. Horace, Satires i. ix. (1826) II. 75 An old Sabine sorceress.

One of a race of ancient Italy who inhabited the central region of the Apennines.

1387 John de Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 61 Tacius kyng of Sabyns was i-slawe by assent of Romulus.

1533 Bellenden Livy i. iv. (S.T.S.) I. 29 Ane huge nowmer of Sabinis with þare wyiffis, barnis, & servandis.

1601 Philemon Holland, translator Pliny’s History of the world, commonly called the Natural historie I. 65 The Sabines… dwell hard by the Veline lakes.

1783 W. Gordon tr. Livy’s Rom. Hist. (1823) I. xxxviii. 70 The Sabines fled to the Mountains.

Transferred sense in allusion to the proverb Sabini quod volunt somniant, `the Sabines dream what they will’ (Festus).

1610 Philomen Holland, translator Camden’s Brit. 542 Grimsby, which our Sabins, or conceited persons dreaming what they list, and following their owne fansies, will have to be so called of one Grime a merchant.


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Posted . Modified 12 July 2018.

santonica

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santonica,

Original French:  Santonicque,

Modern French:  Santonicque,



Notes

Absinthium vulgare

Absinthium vulgare
Absinthium vulgare
Artemisia absinthium L.
Ancient Greek: apsinthion
English: wormwood

Fuchs, Leonhart (1501 – 1566), De historia stirpium commentarii insignes…. Basil: In Officina Isingriniana, 1542. Archive.org

Sautonica

Ozell emends Urquhart’s translation: “Read Santonica, which Cotgrave interprets the Seed of Holy Wormwood. Cambridge Dict. says French Wormwood, and in that case it may have its name from Saintonge in France.”

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), The Works of Francis Rabelais, M.D. The Third Book. Now carefully revised, and compared throughout with the late new edition of M. Le du Chat. John Ozell (d. 1743), editor. London: J. Brindley, 1737.

Santonica

Pliny xxvii. 7, § 28. A kind of Vermouth: “Absinthii genera plura sunt; Santonuicum appellatur e Galliae civitate.”

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

santonica

Absinthii genera plura sunt: Santonicum appellatur e Galliae civitate, Ponticum e Ponto, ubi pecora pinguescunt illo et ob id sine felle reperiuntur, neque aliud praestantius,multoque Italicum1 amarius, sed medulla Pontici dulcis. de usu eius convenit, herbae facillimae atque inter paucas utilissimae, praeterea sacris populi Romani celebratae peculiariter, siquidem Latinarum feriis quadrigae certant in Capitolio victorque absinthium bibit, credo, sanitatem praemio dari honorifice arbitratis maioribus. stomachum corroborat, et ob hoc sapor eius in vina transfertur, ut diximus. bibitur et decoctum aqua ac postea nocte et die refrigeratum sub divo, †decoctis sex drachmis foliorum cum ramis suis in caelestis aquae sextarii tribus, oportet et salem addi. vetustissimum usu est†. bibitur et madefacti dilutum, ita enim appelletur hoc genus. diluti ratio ut, quisquis fuerit modus aquae, tegatur per triduum.

There are several kinds of wormwood. The Santonic comes from the state of the Santoni in Gaul, the Pontic from Pontus, where cattle fatten on it, and so are found to be without gall; there is no finer wormwood than this, the Italian being far more bitter, but the pith of Pontic wormwood is sweet. About its use there is general agreement, for it is a plant very easily found, and one of the most useful, being moreover especially honoured at the religious rites of the Roman people, seeing that at the Latin festival there is a race for four-horse chariots on the Capitoline Hill, the winner of which takes a draught of wormwood, our ancestors thinking, I believe, that health was a very grand prize to give. It strengthens the stomach and for this reason it is used, as I have said, to give a flavour to wines. A decoction in water, which is afterwards cooled in the open for a day and a night, is also taken; six drachmae of the leaves with their branches are boiled down in three sextarii of rain water; salt too should be added. When very old it can still be used. There is also administered an infusion of wormwood in water; for this preparation should be styled “infusion,” and an essential of the infusion is that, whatever quantity of water is used, for three days the preparation should be wholly enclosed.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 27.028. Loeb Classical Library

santonicque

« Santonicum appellatur e Galliæ civitate ». Pline, XXVII, 28. Plante qui pousse au pays des Santones (Saintes). « Absinthe xaintonicque », dit Bernard Palissy (Des Pierres). Le Santonicum (genus absinthii) de Pline serait, pour Fée, Artemisia santonica L., mais cette dernière est une espèce tartare et persane qu’on ne sauraut trouver en Saintonge. L’absinthe xaintonique de Palissy est, d’apres Audiat, Artemisia maritima, L., hôte habituel de notre côte atlantique, et dont une var. porte le nom d’A. sauveolens, Lmk., = A. santonica, Woodv. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 349. Internet Archive

santonica

santonica, or absinthe, from Sanitonge, the region about Saintes…

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Complete works of Rabelais. Jacques LeClercq (1891–1971), translator. New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Santonicque

Plante du pays des Santones (Saintes) (Pline, XXVII, xxviii).

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 504, n. 6.

Saintonge

Saintonge is a small region and historical province on the Atlantic coast of France within the département Charente-Maritime, west and south of Charente in the administrative region of Poitou-Charentes. It derives its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the Santones who lived in this area, around the current city of Saintes.
The Saintonge was the center of the French Huguenots.

Wikipedia. Wikipedia

santonica

santonica [adopted from Latin Santonica (sc. herba), a kind of wormwood, singular of Santonicus pertaining to the Santones or Santoni, a people of Aquitania. The plant was also called absinthium Santonicum (Pliny), Greek (ayinqion) santonikon, santonion. Cf. 16th century French santonique.]

The dried unexpanded flower-heads of species of Artemisia, produced in Turkestan, used as an anthelmintic; Levant or Alexandrian wormseed.

1658 J. Rowland Moufet’s Theat. Ins. 1119 Such things as we said to be good against Worms… such as are Wormwood, Southernwood, Santonicum.


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Posted . Modified 19 March 2019.

Rhubarb, from the river in Barbary named Rha as Ammianus attests

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Rhubarb, from the river in Barbary named Rha as Ammianus attests;

Original French:  Rhabarbe, du fleuue Barbare nommé Rha comme atteſte Ammianus:

Modern French:  Rhabarbe, du fleuve Barbare nommé Rha comme atteste Ammianus:



Notes

La barbare

La barbare. Desprez, Recueil de la diversité des habits (1564)
Quand la Barbare en ses habitz plus beaux
Veut demonstrer sa grand magnificence,
Fourree ainsi elle est de riches peaux,
Que ce pourtrait le met en apparence.

Desprez, François (1525-1580), Recueil de la diversité des habits. qui sont de present en usage, tant es pays d’Europe, Asie, Affrique, & Isles sauvages, Le tout fait apres le naturel. Paris: Richard Breton, 1564. f. 134. Bibliothèque nationale de France

Le barbare

Le barbare. Desprez, Recueil de la diversité des habits (1564)
Les Barbares ont le vestement semblable
Comme tu vois, cela est tout notoire,
Quoy que te soit cest habit admirable,
La verité te constraint de le croire

Desprez, François (1525-1580), Recueil de la diversité des habits. qui sont de present en usage, tant es pays d’Europe, Asie, Affrique, & Isles sauvages, Le tout fait apres le naturel. Paris: Richard Breton, 1564. f. 137. Bibliothèque nationale de France

rubarbe

Rhabarbarum florens. Gerard, Herball, 1597
Rhabarbarum florens
Fowering Rubarbe

Gerard, John (1545-1611 or 1612), Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. London: John Norton, 1597. Internet Archive

Ammianus, Roman History, Book 22, Chapter 8

26.  Behind them lie the inhabitants of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, living in cities founded by the Milesiani, the chief of which is Panticapaeum, which is on the Bog, a river of great size, both from its natural waters and the streams which fall into it.
27.  Then for a great distance the Amazons stretch as far as the Caspian sea; occupying the banks of the Don, which rises in Mount Caucasus, and proceeds in a winding course, separating Asia from Europe, and falls into the swampy sea of Azov.
28.  Near to this is the Rha, on the banks of which grows a vegetable of the same name, which is useful as a remedy for many diseases.

Marcellinus, Ammianus (325/330 – after 391), Roman History. London: 1862. The Tertullian Project

Rha

Rha = Volga

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

Ammianus

Amm. Marc. xxii. 8, 28

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

rhubarbe

Rhubarbe, Rheum. (Polygonée). De Rha, nom d’un fleuve cité par Ammien Marcellin, et qui est le Volga; et barbarum. Inconnue des anciens, ell est mentionée pour la première fois (Rheum barbarum) par Isidore de Séville (VIIe siècle). On trouve la forme Reubarbe dans Platearius et le Hortus sanitatis (1500). Ce produit, anciennement importé de la Perse et de la Chine, est fourni par diverses esp. de Rheum, surtout Rh. officinale, Bn. Mais la différenciation en est assez confuse, et compliquée par des hybridations. Cf. H. Baillon, Dict. des Sc. méd. de Dechambre, 3e s., t. IV, art Rhubarbe, p. 416-436. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 349. Internet Archive

rhubarb

rhubarb, from the barbar river named Rheu, Rea or Volga, according to the testimony of Ammianus Marcellinus, the last Roman historian of importance.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Complete works of Rabelais. Jacques LeClercq (1891–1971), translator. New York: Modern Library, 1936.

rhubarbarous maundarin yellagreen funkleblue windigut diodying applejack

Instead the tragic jester sobbed himself wheywhingingly sick of life on some sort of a rhubarbarous maundarin yellagreen funkleblue windigut diodying applejack squeezed from sour grapefruice and, to hear him twixt his sedimental cupslips when he had gulfed down mmmmuch too mmmmany gourds of it retching off to almost as low withswillers, who always knew notwithstanding when they had had enough and were right indignant at the wretch’s hospitality when they found to their horror they could not carry another drop, it came straight from the noble white fat, jo, openwide sat, jo, jo, her why hide that, jo jo jo, the winevat, of the most serene magyansty az archdiochesse, if she is a duck, she’s a douches, and when she has feherbour snot her fault, now is it? artstouchups, funny you’re grinning at, fancy you’re in her yet, Fanny Urinia.

Joyce, James, Finnegans Wake. Paris: 1939. Finnegans Web

rhabarbe

La source est probablement S. Champier, Gallicum pentapharmacum, Rhabarbo, Agarico, Manna, Terebinthina et Sene Gallicis constans, Lyon, 1534. Champer cite Ammien Marcellin à ce propos.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael Andrew Screech (1926-2018), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

Rhabarbe, du fleuve Barbare nommé Rha

Ammien Marcellin (IVe siècle apr. J.-C.) parle de la Volga.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 504, n. 5.

le nom des regions…

Toutes ces informations sur les plantes dont le nom est d’origine géographique sont dans le livre d’Estienne, sauf sur la rhubarbe, pour laquelle Rabelais suit sans doute Ruellius, De Natura stirpium (1536), III, 2 (mêmes renseignements dans B. Chasseneuz, Catalogus gloria mindi, XII, 90). Sur «Stœchas» (Pline, XXVII, 12), le «Calloïer des Isles Hieres» (ou Stéchades), comme signe Rabelais in 1546, ne pouvait oublier cette plante; mais c’est aussi un façon de rappeler que toutes ces pages l’ont pour auteur.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Jean Céard, editor. Librarie Général Français, 1995. p. 454.

rha

rha. Obsolete [late Latin, adopted from Greek ra, said to be from the ancient name Ra of the river Volga. See also rhabarbarum, rhapontic.]

Rhubarb

1578 Henry Lyte, tr. Dodoens’ Niewe herball or historie of plantes iii. x. 329 Rha is hoate in the first degree, and dry in the second.

1597 John Gerard (or Gerarde) The herball, or general historie of plants ii. lxxviii. 313 The root [of Bastard Rhubarb] is… verie like vnto the Rha of Barbarie.


rhubarb

rhubarb. Forms: rubarbe, rewbarb(e, r(h)eubarbe, rubarb, rheubarb, rembarbe, rwbarbe, rubarde, reubard(e, rubard, rebarbe, reuberbe, rhew-, ryo-, rui-, ruberb, ruybarbe, rhebarb, dial. rhubard), – rhubarb.. [adopted from Old French reu-, reo-, rubarbe, modern French rhubarbe :-Latin type *r(h)eubarbum, shortened formed on medieval Latin r(h)eubarbarum, altered by association with rhe¯um from rhabarbarum.]

The medicinal rootstock (purgative and subsequently astringent) of one or more species of Rheum grown in China and Tibet and for a long period imported into Europe through Russia and the Levant, but since 1860 direct from China; usually (e.g. in pharmaceutical and domestic use) called Turkey or Russian rhubarb, but now known commercially as East Indian or Chinese rhubarb.

C. 1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 70 And after of exrohand, þat ys reubard, foure peny weght, ffor þat..withdrawys þe fleume fro þe mouth of þe stomake.

1486 Bk. St. Albans b vij, Take Rasne and Rubarbe and grynde it to gedre.
A. 1533 Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel.

(1546) H viii b, The phisicions with a lyttell Rubarb purge many humours of the body.

1540 J. Heywood Four PP. C iii, I haue a boxe of rubarde here Whiche is as deynty as it is dere.

1580 Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 411 The roote Rubarbe, which beeinge full of choler, purgeth choler.

1594 Plat Jewell-ho. 13 All the Rubarbe, Gums, and other Aromaticall ware, are greatly sophisticated before they come to our handes.

1597 John Gerard (or Gerarde) The herball, or general historie of plants ii. lxxix. 317 The best Rubarbe is that which is brought from China fresh and newe… The second in goodnes is that which cometh from Barbarie. The last and woorst from Bosphorus and Pontus.

1605 Shakespeare Macbeth v. iii. 55 What Rubarb, Cyme, or what Purgatiue drugge Would scowre these English hence?

1626 Bacon Sylva §19 Rubarb hath manifestly..Parts that purge, and parts that bind the body.

Figuratively, as a type of bitterness or sourness.

1526 Skelton Magnyf. 2385 Nowe must I make you a lectuary softe,..With rubarbe of repentaunce in you for to rest.

1591 Harington Orl. Fur. Pref. p.v b, In verse is both goodnesse and sweetnesse, Rubarb and Sugarcandie, the pleasaunt and the profitable.

1613 Chapman Rev. Bussy D’Ambois iii. F j b, Since tis such Ruberb to you, Ile therefore search no more.

Any plant of the genus Rheum. For various species see quots. †Pontic or Pontish rhubarb = rhapontic.

A. 1400 Pistill of Susan 112 With Ruwe and Rubarbe, Ragget ariht.

1535 Boorde Let. in Introd. Knowl. (1870) 56, I haue sentt to your mastershepp the seedes off reuberbe, the which come owtt off barbary.

1578 Henry Lyte, tr. Dodoens’ Niewe herball or historie of plantes iii. x. 328 There be diuers sortes of Rha, or as it is nowe called Rheubarbe.

1597 Gerarde Herbal ii. lxxix. 317 The Ponticke Rubarbe is lesser..than that of Barbarie.

1797 Encyclopædia Britannica (ed. 3) XVI. 206/2 Rheum..1. The rhaponticum, or common rhubarb,… grows in Thrace and Scythia, but has been long in the English gardens.


rhubarb

The word ‘rhubarb’ as repeated by actors to give the impression of murmurous hubbub or conversation. Hence allusively.

1934 A. P. Herbert Holy Deadlock 194 The chorus excitedly rushed about and muttered ‘Rhubarb!’

1952 Radio Times 17 Oct. 11/3 The unemployed actors had a wonderful time. We’d huddle together in a corner and repeat `Rhubarb, rhubarb, rhubarb’ or `My fiddle, my fiddle, my fiddle’-and it sounded like a big scene from some mammoth production.

1958 Observer 7 Dec. 18/5 Actors, who shout ‘rhubarb-rhubarb-rhubarb’ to give the impression of a distant riot.


Symphorien Champier

Symphorien Champier (1471–1538), a Lyonnese doctor born in Saint-Symphorien, France. A doctor of medicine at Montpellier, Champier was the personal physician of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, whom he followed to Italy with Louis XII, attending to several battles, and finally settling in Lyon. He worked in Lyon alongside François Rabelais (who wrote satirically of him in Gargantua and Pantagruel), where he established the College of the Doctors of Lyon. There he fulfilled the duties of an alderman and contributed to numerous local foundations, in particular L’Ecole des médecins de Lyon (“The School of the Doctors of Lyon”).
His fame was considerable in Lyon, which in the 16th century was the greatest manufacturer of medical books in France, with editors such as Sébastien Gryphe. In addition to medicinal science, Champier studied Greek and Arab scholars and composed a great number of historical works, including Chroniques de Savoie in 1516 and Vie de Bayard in 1525.
He was also associated with Renaissance occultism.

Wikipedia. Wikipedia

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Posted . Modified 14 November 2019.

Fragment 500389

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gentian, from Gentius king of Slavonia.

Original French:  Gentiane, de Gentius roy de Sclauonie.

Modern French:  Gentiane, de Gentius roy de Sclavonie.



Notes

Genciana

Genciana

Schöffer, Peter (ca. 1425–ca. 1502.), [R]ogatu plurimo[rum] inopu[m] num[m]o[rum] egentiu[m] appotecas refuta[n]tiu[m] occasione illa, q[uia] necessaria ibide[m] ad corp[us] egru[m] specta[n]tia su[n]t cara simplicia et composita. Mainz: 1484. Plate 68. Botanicus

Genciana

Genciana

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 102r. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Genciana (text)

Genciana (text)

Meydenbach, Jacob, Ortus Sanitatis. Mainz, Germany: 1491. 102r. University of Cambridge Digital Library

Gentiana

Gentiana
Gentiana acaulis L.
Gentiana V Gentianella major verna

Clusius, Carolus (1526-1609), Rariorum plantarum historia vol. 1. Antverpiae: Joannem Moretum, 1601. fasicle 3, p. 314. Plantillustrations.org

Gentiana

Pliny xxv. 7, § 34.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

Gentian

Gentianam invenit Gentius rex Illyriorum, ubique nascentem, in Illyrico tamen praestantissimam, folio fraxini, sed magnitudine lactucae, caule tenero pollicis crassitudine, cavo et inani, ex intervallis foliato, trium aliquando cubitorum, radice lenta, subnigra, sine odore, aquosis montibus subalpinis plurima. usus in radice et suco. radicis natura est excalfactoria, sed praegnantibus non bibenda.

It was a king of the Illyrians named Gentius who discovered gentian, which, though it grows everywhere, is most excellent when it grows in Illyria. The leaf is like that of the ash but of the size of a lettuce leaf; the stem is tender and of the thickness of a thumb, hollow and empty, with leaves at intervals, sometimes three cubits in height, and growing from a pliant root, which is darkish and without smell. It grows abundantly on watery slopes near the foot of the Alps. The parts used are the root and the juice. The nature of the root is warming, but it should not be taken in drink by women with child.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 25.034. Loeb Classical Library

gentiane

Gentiana, genre de la famille des gentianées, renfermant de nombreuses espèces. « Gentianam invenit Gentius rex Illyriorum. » Pline XXV, 34. Gentiana lutea, L., dit Fée.

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 348. Internet Archive

Gentiane, de Gentius roy de Sclavonie

Roi d’Illyrie (Pline, XXV, xxxiv).

Rabelais, François (ca. 1483–1553), Œuvres complètes. Mireille Huchon, editor. Paris: Gallimard, 1994. p. 503, n. 13.

Slav

Slav. Forms: Sclaue, Sclave, Slave, Slav.

[In early use adaptation of medieval Latin Sclavus (recorded from c. 800), corresponding to late Greek Skla´boj (c 580): compare older German Sklave, Sclav(e, Schlav(e, Middle High German Schlaff. The later forms in Sl- correspond to modern German and French Slave, medieval Latin Slavus (951), and are closer to the Old Slavic and Russian forms.]

A person belonging by race to a large group of peoples inhabiting eastern Europe and comprising the Russians, Bulgarians, Serbo-Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.

1387 John de Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 417 Cirillus, apostel of þe Sclaves.

1387 John de Trevisa Higden VI. 249 He chastede þe Saxons and þe Sclaves.

1398 John de Trevisa Bartholomeus De proprietatibus rerus viii. xxii. (Tollem. MS.), Þe contre and londe of sclaues.


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Posted . Modified 5 July 2017.

cabbage to the vine

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cabbage to the vine;

Original French:  le Chou, a la Vigne:

Modern French:  le Chou, à la Vigne:


Among the examples of pairings whose antipathies are not as vehement as the hatred thieves have of a certain usage of Pantagruelion.


Notes

cabbage

vino adversari ut inimicam vitibus, antecedente in cibis caveri ebrietatem, postea sumpta crapulam discuti.

As cabbage is the enemy of the vine, they say that it opposes wine; that if taken in food beforehand it prevents drunkenness, taken after drinking it dispels its unpleasant effects.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 6: Books 20–23. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951. 20.34. Loeb Classical Library

cabbage

Olus caulesque,quibus nunc principatus hortorum, apud Graecos in honore fuisse non reperio, sed Cato brassicae miras canit laudes, quas in medicinae loco reddemus.

Cabbages and kales which now have preeminence in gardens, I do not find to have been held in honour among the Greeks; but Cato [R.R. CLVI. f.] sings marvellous praises of the head of cabbage, which we shall repeat when we deal with medicine.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 5: Books 17–19. Harris Rackham (1868–1944), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1950. 19.41. Loeb Classical Library

cabbage

[Cato does sing the praises of cabbage, but he does not mention that it is inimical to the vine.]

Cato, Marcus (234 BC-149 BC), De Re Rustica. 156, p. 151. Penelope

cabbage

Silvestris sive erraticae inmenso plus effectus laudat Cato, adeo ut aridae quoque farinam in olfactorio collectam, vel odore tantum naribus rapto, vitia earum graveolentiamque sanare adfirmet. hanc alii petraeam vocant, inimicissimam vino, quam praecipue vitis fugiat aut, si non possit fugere, moriatur

Cato gives vastly higher praise to the wild, or stray, cabbage, so much so that he asserts that the mere powder of the dried vegetable, collected in a smelling-bottle, or the scent only, snuffed up the nostrils, removes nose-troubles and any offensive odour. Some call this variety rock-cabbage; it is strongly antipathetic to wine, so that the vine tries very hard to avoid it, or, if it cannot do so, dies.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 6: Books 20–23. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951. 20.36. Loeb Classical Library

cabbage

Brassicae laudes longum est exsequi, cum et Chrysippus medicus privatim volumen ei dicaverit per singula membra hominis digestum, et Dieuches, ante omnes autem Pythagoras, et Cato non parcius celebraverit, cuius sententiam vel eo diligentius persequi par est, ut noscatur qua medicina usus sit annis dc Romanus populus.

It would be a long task to make a list of all the praises of the cabbage, since not only did Chrysippus the physician devote to it a special volume, divided according to its effects on the various parts of the body, but Dieuches also, and Pythagoras above all, and Catob no less lavishly, have celebrated its virtues;

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 6: Books 20–23. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1951. 22.33. Loeb Classical Library

le Chou, a la Vigne:

pernicialia et brassicae cum vite odia, ipsum olus quo vitis fugatur adversum cyclamino et origano arescit.

Deadly too is the hatred between the cabbage and the vine; the very vegetable that keeps the vine at a distance itself withers away when planted opposite cyclamen or wild marjoram.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 7: Books 24–27. William Henry Samuel Jones (1876–1963), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. 24.01. Loeb Classical Library

cabbage

Morbos hortensia quoque sentiunt sicut reliqua terra sata. namque et ocimum senectute degenerat in serpyllum, et sisymbrium in zmintham, et ex semine brassicae vetere rapa fiunt, atque invicem.

Garden vegetables are also liable to disease, like the rest of the plants on earth. For instance basil degenerates with old age into wild-thyme and sisymbrium into mint, and old cabbage seed produces turnip, and so on.

Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), The Natural History. Volume 5: Books 17–19. Harris Rackham (1868–1944), translator. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1950. 19.57. Loeb Classical Library

Le chou à la vigne

Voiez Pline, l. 17. chap. 24 & l. 24. chap. 1.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Œuvres de Maitre François Rabelais. Publiées sous le titre de : Faits et dits du géant Gargantua et de son fils Pantagruel, avec la Prognostication pantagrueline, l’épître de Limosin, la Crême philosophale et deux épîtres à deux vieilles de moeurs et d’humeurs différentes. Nouvelle édition, où l’on a ajouté des remarques historiques et critiques. Tome Troisieme. Jacob Le Duchat (1658–1735), editor. Amsterdam: Henri Bordesius, 1711. p. 261. Google Books

Cabbage to the Vine

Pliny xxiv. 1, § 1.

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), The Five Books and Minor Writings. Volume 1: Books I-III. William Francis Smith (1842–1919), translator. London: Alexader P. Watt, 1893. Internet Archive

Le chou à la vigne

«Pernicialia et brassicæ cum vite odia: ipsum olus quo vitis fugatur, adversum cyclamino… arescit», dit Pline, XXIV, I. «Le chou, disent Ch. Estienne et J. Liébault, ne doit estre planté prés la vigne, ny la vigne prés du chou: car il y a si grand inimitié entre ces deux plantes que les deux plantes en un mesme terroir ayant prins quelque croissance se retournent arrière l’un de l’autre et n’en sont tant fructueuses.» (L’agriculture et maison rustique, nouvelle éd., Rouen, Laudet, 1625, in-4°, l. II. p. 155.) Cette assertion est d’ailleurs d’origine légendaire: d’après une tradition transmise par le scoliaste d’Aristophane (Les Chevaliers), Lycurgue, roi de Thrace, ayant fait détruire les vignes, un cep qu’il allait trancher l’ença tout à coup de ses sarments. Devinant la vengeance de Bacchus, le barbare se mit à pleurer; de ses larmes naquit le chou, remède traditionnel, préventif et curatif de l’ivresse. (Paul Delaunay)

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Oeuvres. Édition critique. Tome Cinquieme: Tiers Livre. Abel Lefranc (1863-1952), editor. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1931. p. 360. Internet Archive

cabbage to vines

(did not Lycurgus, King of Thrace, destroy the vines, when suddenly a stalk cast its twigs about him, and when from his tears, shed at Bacchus’ vengeance, was born the colewort, a traditional preventive and cure for drunkenness)

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Complete works of Rabelais. Jacques LeClercq (1891–1971), translator. New York: Modern Library, 1936.

Nenuphar…

Encore une fois, la plupart de ces exemples se retrouvent dans le De latinis nominibus de Charles Estienne. Le nenufar et la semence de saule sont des antiaphrodisiaques. La ferula servait, dans l’Antiquité, à fustiger les écoliers (cf. Martial, X, 62-10).

Rabelais, François (1483?–1553), Le Tiers Livre. Edition critique. Michael Andrew Screech (1926-2018), editor. Paris-Genève: Librarie Droz, 1964.

vine

vine. Forms: vygne, vigne, vinyhe, vyny. vyne, vyn, viyn, vine, vijne; wine, wyne, vinde, vynde. [adopted from Old French vigne and vine (modern French vigne): -Latin vinea vineyard, vine, etc., formed on vin-um wine.]

The trailing or climbing plant, Vitis vini-fera, bearing the grapes from which ordinary wine is made (= grape-vine); also generally, any plant of the genus Vitis.

13.. King Alisander 5758 (Laud. MS.), In eueryche felde rype is corne; Þe grapes hongen on þe vyne.

1377 William Langland The vision of William concerning Piers Plowman xiv. 30 Þough neuere greyne growed ne grape vppon vyne.

C. 1420 Palladius on husbondrie vi. 57 Now vyne and tre that were ablaqueate, To couer hem it is conuenient.

1535 Miles Coverdale Bible Judges ix. 12 Then sayde the trees vnto the vyne; Come thou and be oure kinge.

1562 William Turner A new herball, the seconde parte ii. 168 b, [It] is lyke vnto a gumme, and waxeth thicke aboute the bodye of the vinde.

1573 Thomas Tusser Fiue hundreth pointes of good husbandrie (1878) 75 Get doong, friend mine, for stock and vine.

1598 Joshuah Sylvester, translator Du Bartas his divine weekes and workes i. iii. 586 There, th’ amorous Vine calls in a thousand sorts (With winding arms) her Spouse that her supports.

1708 John Philips Cyder i. 16 Everlasting Hate The Vine to Ivy bears.

A single plant or tree of this species or genus.

A. 1300 E.E. Psalter civ. 31 He… smate þar vinyhes and figetres in-twa.

1303 Robert Manning of Brunne Handlyng Synne 882 Euery 3ere at þe florysyngge, whan þe vynys shulde spryngge, A tempest… fordede here vynys alle.

1340 Dan Michel’s Ayenbite of Inwyt 43 Þe zenne of ham þet uor wynnynge… destrueþ þe vines oþer cornes.

1340-70 Alexander and Dindimus. 847 Ze telle vs þat 3e tende nauht to tulye þe erþe,… no plaunte winus.

1390 John Gower Confessio amantis II. 168 For he fond… how men scholden sette vines.

1422 James Yonge, translator. The gouernaunce of prynces (in Secreta Secretorum) 244 In al regions the hettes bene encreschid,… the wynes growyth, the cornes wixit rippe.

C. 1440 Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum 510/2 Vyny, þat bryngythe forþe grete grapys, bumasta.

1590 Edmund Spenser The Færie Queene ii. xii. 54 A Porch with rare deuice, Archt ouer head with an embracing vine.

1604 Edward Grimstone, translator D’Acosta’s Naturall and morall historie of the East and West Indies iv. xxxii. 296 Peru and… Chillé, where there are vignes that yeeld excellent wine.


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Posted . Modified 13 April 2020.