Notes

persica

Persica
Pfersichbaum
Taxon: Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
Ancient Greek: persika mela
English: peach

Le Persien

De Perse sont les peuples anciens,
D’eux mainte hystoire on voit par escripture,
Le propre habit est tel des Persiens,
Que le voyez en cest pourtraiture.

La Persienne

Si vous voulez le geste appercevoir
De Persienne, & sa robe usitee,
Vous ne pourriez plus clairement la voir
Qu’elle est ici, pourtraite & limitee.

persica

In totum quidem Persica peregrina etiam Asiae Graeciaeque esse ex nomine ipso apparet, atque ex Perside advecta. sed pruna silvestria ubique nasci certum est, quo magis miror huius pomi mentionem a Catone non habitam, praesertim cum condenda demonstraret quaedam et silvestria. nam Persicae arbores sero et cum difficultate transiere, ut quae in Rhodo nihil ferant, quod primum ab Aegypto earum fuerat hospitium. falsum est venenata cum cruciatu in Persis gigni et poenarum causa ab regibus translata in Aegyptum terra mitigata; id enim de persea diligentiores tradunt, quae in totum alia est myxis rubentibus similis nec extra orientem nasci voluit. eam quoque eruditiores negaverunt ex Perside propter supplicia translatam, sed a Perseo Memphi satam, et ob id Alexandrum illa coronari victores ibi instituisse in honorem atavi sui. semper autem folia habet et poma subnascentibus aliis. sed pruna quoque omnia post Catonem coepisse manifestum erit.

The Persian plum or peach, it is true, is shown by its very name to be an exotic even in Asia Minor and in Greece, and to have been introduced from Persia. But the wild plum is known to grow everywhere, which makes it more surprising that this fruit is not mentioned by Cato, especially as he pointed out the way of storing some wild fruits also. As for the peach-tree, it was only introduced lately, and that with difficulty, inasmuch as in Rhodes, which was its first place of sojourn after leaving Egypt, it does not bear at all. It is not true that the peach grown in Persia is poisonous and causes torturing pain, and that, when it had been transplanted into Egypt by the kings to use as a punishment, the nature of the soil caused it to lose its dangerous properties; for the more careful writers relate this of the persea [The persea is the modern Mimusops Schimperi, and the myxa is the modern sebesten], which is an entirely different tree, resembling the red myxa, and which has refused to grow anywhere but in the east. The sebesten also, according to the more learned authorities, was not introduced from Persia for punitive purposes, but was planted at Memphis by Perseus, and it was for that reason that Alexander, in order to do honour to his ancestor, established the custom of using wreaths of it for crowning victors in the games [Instituted by Alexander in honour of the hero Perseus, son of Zeus, from whom he claimed descent] at Memphis. It always has leaves and fruit upon it, fresh ones sprouting immediately after the others. But it will be obvious that all our plums also have been introduced since the time of Cato.

Persicques

Urquhart translates as “Persicarie.” Ozell notes, “Rabelais says, Persique (Persica), a Peach-tree, not the herb called Persicaria, i.e. Arse smart or Cul-rage.”

Peaches

“Persica mala; ex Perside advecta” (Pliny xv. 13, § 13).

persicques

« Ex Perside advecta [persica] », dit Pline (XV, 13). C’est le pècher, Persica vulgaris, D. C. Les Grecs et les Romains le reçurent de la Perse ou de l’Asie orientale, mais de Candolle le croit originaire de la Chine. (Paul Delaunay)

Persia

Persian. Forms: Percien, -sien, -cynne, -syn, -sen; -san, -sante, Persian, ( -cian). [originally Middle English Persien, adopted from French persien: -Latin type *Persianus, formed on Persia, name of the country, in Greek Persij.]

Of or pertaining to Persia (modern Iran), or its inhabitants or language. Also, of or pertaining to a Persian cat.

Lyncus

Pour lynx, par le retranchement de l’l initiale, comme si c’étoit l’article le contracté avec le nom. Nous avons déja trouvé cette leçon plus haut.

Lyncus

Sur Lyncus, Rabelais traduit Servius commentant l’Énéid, I, 323.

Scythian

Scythian. Also 6-7 Sythian. [formed on Latin Scythia, adopted from Greek Skuqi´a]

Pertaining to Scythia, an ancient region extending over a large part of European and Asiatic Russia, or to the nomadic people by whom it was inhabited.

Notes

Mirtus

Verbenaca supina

Verbenaca supina sive foemina
Eisenkraut weible
Verbena officinalis L.
English: vervain
French: verveine officinale
German:Eisenkraut

Verbenaca

verbenaca
Verbena officinalis L

vervain

alii fontemque ignemque ferebant
velati limo et verbena tempora vincti.

Rutulians and Teucrians had measured the field for the combat under the great city’s walls, and in the middle were preparing hearths and grassy altars to their common deities. Others were bringing fountain water and fire, draped in aprons and their brows bound with vervain.

verbenique

De la nature de la vervenne, anciennement en usage dans les operations magiques.

verbenicque

De la nature de las verveine, anciennement en usage dans les opératons magiques.

verbenicque

Semblable à vervaine, magique.

Vervain

Vervain (Lat. vervena), a kind of holy twigs or branches, such as myrtle, laurel, etc., which were carried or worn by the Roman Fetials, etc., on solemn or festive occasions. For most of this cf. Pliny xix §§ 2-6.

verbenicque

Ιερἀ βοτάνη, Diosc., IV, 61; verbenaca, hierabotane, peristereon, Pline XXV, 59. La verveine est une des trente-six herbes magiques énumérées au Livre Sacré d’Hermès Trismégiste; c’était également une plante sacrée chez les Gaulois; les Druides nettoyaient leurs autels avec de petits balais de verveine. La religion romaine en faisait aussi usage, au dire de Pline, et les magiciens l’employaient dans une foule de pratiques. La verveine des Anciens peut se rapporter: la mâle, à notre Verbena officinalis, L., la femelle à notre V. supina, L. Cf. J.-B. L. Bejottes, Le livre sacré d’Hermès Trismégiste et ses trente-six herbes magiques, 1911; et G. Hubert, Des Verbénacées utilisées en matiére médicale, Lechevrel, 1921. (Paul Delaunay)

herbe sacre

Cf. Virgile, Enéid, XII, 120, « Velati lino, et verbena tempora vincti » ; Servius, qui lit limo pour lino, commente ainsi le mot verbena : « Verbenas vocamus omnes frondes sacratas, ut set laurus, oliva et myrtus ».

Verbenicque

La verveine était dans l’Antiquité une plante sacrée.

verbenicque

La verveine (verbena) était, pour les Anciens, une plante sacrée. Les âmes des morts exigent que leurs corps soient ensevelis dans des linceuls de pantagruélion.

vervain

vervain. Forms: verueyn(e, -veyn(e, -ueine, verveine, vervein, vervaine, wayne (warwayn), -uaine, vervain, veruen(e -ven. [adopted from Anglo-French and Old French verveine (13th century; Old French also vervainne, modern French verveine), adaptation of Latin verbena verbena.]

The common European and British herbaceous plant, Verbena officinalis, formerly much valued for its reputed medicinal properties. Also rarely, some other species of the genus Verbena, or the genus itself.

Notes

prétes d’Isis vetus de lin

ergo hic praecipuum summumque meretur honorem
qui grege linigero circumdatus et grege calvo
plangentis populi currit derisor Anubis.

Consequently, the highest, most exceptional honour is awarded to Anubis, who runs along, mocking the wailing populace, surrounded by his creatures in linen garments and with shaved heads.

[Anubis, the dog-headed god and guardian of Isis. Here a priest dressed as Anubis mocks the people for their lamentation over the “death” of Osiris, the consort of Isis.]

Certains Pastaphores

Vous leurs favorisez (dist Iuppiter) à ce que ie voy bel messer Priapus. Ainsi n’estes à tous favorable. Car veu que tant ilz couvoient perpetuer leur nom & memoire, ce seroit bien leur meilleur estre ainsi après leur vie en pierres dures & marbrines convertiz, que retourner en terre & pourriture. Icy darrière vers ceste mer Tyrrhene & lieux circumvoisins de l’Appennin voyez vo’ quelles tragedies sont excitées par certains Pastophores.

Tiers Livre Chapter 48

Comment Gargantua remonstre n’estre licite es enfans soy marier, sans le sceu et adveu de leurs peres & meres. Chapitre XLVIII

[…]

Filz trescher (dist Gargantua) je vous en croy, & loue Dieu de ce que a vostre notice ne viennent que choses bonnes & louables, & que par les fenestres de vos sens rien n’est on domicile de vostre esprit entré fors liberal sçavoir. Car de mon temps a esté par le continent trouvé pays on quel ne sçay quelz pastophores Taulpetiers autant abhorrens de nopces, comme les pontifes de Cybele en Phrygie, si chappons feussent, & non galls pleins de salacité & lascivie: les quelz ont dict loix es gens mariez sus le faict de mariage.

Tiers Livre Chapter 48

How Gargantua sheweth that it is not lawful for Children to marry without the Knowledge and Consent of their Fathers and Mothers. Chapter XLVIII.

[…]

“My very dear Son,” quoth Gargantua, “I believe you in this, and praise God in that only such things come into your Thoughts as are good and praiseworthy, and that by the Windows of your Senses nothing has entered into the Dwelling-place of your Mind save liberal Knowledge. For in my time on the Continent hath been found a Country, in which are certain pastophorian Molecatchers, as far removed from Marriage as the Priests of Cybele in Phrygia, if only they had been Capons and not Cocks full of Wantonness and Lasciviousness, who have dictated Laws to married Folk in the matter of Marriage.

Pastophores

Translated by Urquhart as “the pastophorian priests.” Ozell notes, “Only Pastophores in French. The were the pontiffs among the Egyptians, in the temple of Serapis. [greek] “pallidum sacerdotale, a cope. Pallium Veneris quod ferebant in Egypto sacerdotes cæteris honoratiores.” The place of their abode was close to the temple, and called the Pastophorium. Ruff. Eccles Hist l. ii. c. xxiii. ‘Item Hieron. in Esa. pastopho.ium, inquit, est thalamus, in que habitat præpositus templi.’”

Pastophores

Les Egyptiens firent de grands efforts poir remédier aux inconvéniens de leir façon d’écrire: leur ordre sacerdotal était partagé, sans doute dès long-temps, en deux castes dont l’une obéissait à l’autre; ils le subdivisèrent encore. La première caste forma les quatre classes, des propètes, des hiérostolites, des hiérogrammates et des horoscopairesl la seconde fut divisée en pastaphores et en néocores chacune d’elles se livra spécialement à un genre de travaux.

Pastophores

Terme d’archæologie. Prêtes qui portaient le lit de Vénus dans certaines cérémonies. Ils pratiquaient la médecine en Egypte. — Autres prêtes chargés de lever le voile qui, à la porte des tempoles égyptiens, cachait la divinité. (Du grec pastas lit ou pastos voile, et phêrd je porte.

pastophores

Ch. 48, n. 4. Chez les Egyptiens, les pastaphores (παστόψοροζ, Diodore de Sicile, I, 29) étaient des prêtes chargés de porter les statues des dieux dans les chapelles du temple. Avant R., Budé avait employé ce mot au sens général de prêtes. Cf Sainéan, t. I, p. 8 et t. II, p. 53.

pastaphores

pour les pastaphores, voir XLVIII, p. 497 et n. 2.

Isiacques and Pastaphores

Les prêtes d’Isis étaient vêtus de lin; Juvénal, Satires, VI, 532, les appelle «grex liniger»; voir aussi Ovide, Métamorphoses, I, 767. Les pastophores portaient dans les châsses les images des dieux : ils représent les prêtes, revêtus de l’aube.

pastophor

pastophor, pastophorus. [adopted from French pastophore, adaptation of Latin pastophorus, adopted from Greek pastoforoj, formed on pastoj a shrine, +roj carrying. More usually in Latin form.]

One of the order of priests who carried shrines of the gods in procession, as frequently represented in Egyptian art.

Notes

Pardus (leopard)

144. Pardus (leopard)
Fol. 30rb1: column miniature

Napellus

Aconitum

Aconitum lycoctonon
Wolffswurtz
Aconitum vulparia Reichenb.
Ancient Greek:akoniton eteron
English: Badgersbane, Wolfsbane, Wolfsbane monkshood
French: Etrangle-loup, Herbe au loup, Tue-loup, Aconit étrangle-loup
German: Wolfseisenhut

Lupus

aconite

Wolf’s-bane grows in Crete and in Zakynthos, but is most abundant and best at Herakleia in Pontus. It has a leaf like chicory, a root like in shape and colour to a prawn,3 and in this root resides its deadly property, whereas they say that the leaf and the fruit produce no effects. The fruit is that of a herb,4 not that of a shrub or tree. It is a low-growing herb and shows no special feature, but is like corn, except that the seed is not in an ear. It grows everywhere and not only at Akonai,¹ from whence it gets its name (this is a village of the Mariandynoi): and it specially likes rocky ground. Neither sheep nor any other animals eat it.

1. Plin. 6. 4, Portus A cone veneno aconito dirus. But in 27. 10. he apparently did not recognise Ἀκόναις as a proper name, and translates it in nudis cautibus, misled perhaps by πετρώδεις τόπους below.

Wolf’s bane

9.18.2 Wolf’s bane,¹ which some call ‘scorpion-plant’ because it has a root like a scorpion, kills that animal if it is shredded over him; while if one then sprinkles him with white hellebore, they say that he comes to life again. It is also fatal to oxen sheep beasts of burden and in general to any fourfooted animal, and kills them the same day if the root or leaf is put on the genitals; and it is also useful as a draught against a scorpion’s sting.

1. Referred to by Ael. H. A. 9. 27; Apollon. Hist. Mirab. 41. cf. Plin. 25. 122 (cf. 27. 6); Diosc. 4. 76. This is evidently a different plant to the σκορπίος mentioned 9. 13. 6. See Index.

Aconite, aux Pards & Loups

pantheras perfricata carne1 aconito [venenum id est] barbari venantur; occupat ilico fauces earum angor (quare pardalianches id venenum appellavere quidam), at fera contra hoc excrementis hominis sibi medetur, et alias tam avida eorum ut a pastoribus ex industria in aliquo vase suspensa altius quam ut queat saltu attingere iaculando se appetendoque deficiat et postremo expiret, alioqui vivacitatis adeo lentae ut eiectis interaneis diu pugnet.

Barbarian hunters catch leopards by means of meat rubbed over with wolf’s-bane; their throats are at once attacked by violent pain (in consequence of which some people have given this poison a Greek name meaning choke-leopard), but to cure this the creature doses itself with human excrement, and in general it is so greedy for this that shepherds have a plan of hanging up some of it in a vessel too high for the leopard to be able to reach it by jumping up, and the animal keeps springing up and trying to get it till it is exhausted and finally dies, although otherwise its vitality is so persistent that it will go on fighting for a long time after its entrails have been torn out.

Aconite, aux Pards & Loups

Sed antiquorum curam diligentiamque quis possit satis venerari? constat omnium venenorum ocissimum esse aconitum et tactis quoque genitalibus feminini sexus animalium eodem die inferre mortem. hoc fuit venenum quo interemptas dormientes a Calpurnio Bestia uxores M. Caelius accusator obiecit. hinc illa atrox peroratio eius in digitum. ortum fabulae narravere e spumis Cerberi canis extrahente ab inferis Hercule ideoque apud Heracleam Ponticam, ubi monstratur is ad inferos aditus, gigni. hoc quoque tamen in usus humanae salutis vertere scorpionum ictibus adversari experiendo datum in vino calido. ea est natura ut hominem occidat nisi invenerit quod in homine perimat. cum eo solo conluctatur, † veluti praesentius invento.† sola haec pugna est, cum venenum in visceribus reperit, in homine conmoriuntur ut homo supersit. immo vero etiam ferarum remedia antiqui prodiderunt demonstrando quomodo venenata quoque ipsa sanarentur. torpescunt scorpiones aconiti tactu stupentque pallentes et vinci se confitentur. auxiliatur his helleborum album tactu resolvente, ceditque aconitum duobus malis, suo et omnium. quae si quis ulla forte ab homine excogitari potuisse credit, ingrate deorum munera intellegit. tangunt carnes aconito necantque gustatu earum pantheras, nisi hoc fieret, repleturas illos situs. ob id quidam pardalianches appellavere. at illas statim liberari morte excrementorum hominis gustu demonstratum. quod certe casu repertum quis dubitet et quotiens fiat etiam nunc ut novum nasci, quoniam feris ratio et usus inter se tradi non possit? hic ergo casus, hic est ille qui plurima in vita invenit deus, hoc habet nomen per quem intellegitur eadem et parens rerum omnium et magistra, utraque coniectura pari, sive ista cotidie feras invenire sive semper scire iudicemus. pudendumque rursus omnia animalia quae sint salutaria ipsis nosse praeter hominem. sed maiores oculorum quoque medicamentis aconitum misceri saluberrime promulgavere aperta professione malum quidem nullum esse sine aliquo bono. fas ergo nobis erit qui nulla diximus venena monstrare quale sit aconitum, vel deprehendendi gratia. folia habet cyclamini aut cucumeris non plura quattuor, ab radice, leniter hirsuta, radicem modicam cammaro similem marino, quare quidam cammaron appellavere, alii thelyphonon, ex qua diximus causa. cauda radicis incurvatur paulum scorpionum modo, quare et scorpion aliqui vocavere. nec defuere qui myoctonon appellare mallent, quoniam procul et e longinquo odore mures necat. nascitur in nudis cautibus quas aconas nominant, et ideo aconitum aliqui dixere, nullo iuxta ne pulvere quidem nutriente. hanc aliqui rationem nominis adtulere, alii, quoniam vis eadem esset in morte quae cotibus in ferri acie deterenda, statimque admota velocitas sentiretur.

But who could revere enough the diligent research of the ancients? It is established that of all poisons the quickest to act is aconite, and that death occurs on the same day if the genitals of a female creature are but touched by it. This was the poison that Marcus Caelius accused Calpurnius Bestia of using to kill his wives in their sleep. Hence the damning peroration of the prosecutor’s speech accusing the defendant’s finger. Fable has it that aconite sprang out of the foam of the dog Cerberus when Hercules dragged him from the underworld, and that this is why it grows around Heraclea in Pontus, where is pointed out the entrance to the underworld used by Hercules. Yet even aconite the ancients have turned to the benefit of human health, by finding out by experience that administered in warm wine it neutralizes the stings of scorpions. It is its nature to kill a human being unless in that being it finds something else to destroy. Against this alone it struggles, †regarding it as more pressing than the find.† [This is the only fight, when the aconite discovers a poison in the viscera.] What a marvel! Although by themselves both are deadly, yet the two poisons in a human being perish together so that the human survives. Moreover even remedies used by wild beasts have been handed down by the ancients, who have shown how venomous creatures also by themselves obtain healing. Scorpions, touched by aconite, become numbed, and are pale and stupefied, acknowledging their defeat. They find a help in white hellebore, its touch dispelling the torpor; the aconite yields to two evil foes, one peculiar to itself and one common to all creatures. If anyone believes that these discoveries could, by any chance, have been made by a man, he shows himself ungrateful for the gods’ gifts. They touch flesh with aconite, and kill panthers by a mere taste of it, otherwise panthers would overrun the regions where they are found. For this reason some have called aconite pardalianches, that is panther-strangler. But it has been proved that panthers are at once saved from this death by tasting human excrement; surely nobody doubts that this remedy has been found by Chance, and that on every occasion it is even today a new find, since wild animals have neither reason nor experience for results to be passed from one to another. This Chance therefore, this is that great deity who has made most of the discoveries that enrich our life, this is the name of him by whom is meant she who is at once the Mother and the Mistress of all creation. Either guess is equally likely, whether we judge that wild animals make these discoveries every day or that they possess a never-failing instinct. Again it is shameful that all animals except man know what is health-giving for themselves. Our ancestors however advertised the view that aconite is also a very health-giving ingredient of preparations for the eyes, openly declaring their belief that no evil at all is without some admixture of good. It will therefore be right for me, who have described no poisons, to point out the nature of aconite, if only for the purpose of detecting it. It has leaves like those of cyclamen or of cucumber, not more than four, rising from the root and slightly hairy, and a root of moderate size, like a crayfish (cammarus), whence some have called it cammaron, and others thelyphonon, for the reason I have given already. The end of the root curves up a little like a scorpion’s tail, whence some have called it also scorpion. There have been some who would prefer to call it myoctonos, [I.e. “mouse-killer”] since at a distance, even a long distance, its smell kills rats and mice. The plant grows on bare crags which are called aconae, and for that reason some have given it the name of aconite, there being nothing near, not even dust, to give it nourishment. This then is the reason for its name given by some; others have thought it was so named because it had the same power to cause rapid death as whetstones had to give an edge to an iron blade; no sooner was the stone applied than its rapid action was noticeable. [It is interesting to compare Pliny’s account of aconite with Dioscorides IV 76 (Wellmann). In the latter is given the effect of aconite on scorpions with its antidote in the touch of white hellebore. The preceding sentence is: ῥίζα ὁμοία σκορπίου οὐρᾷ, στίλβουσα ἀλαβαστροειδῶς. For this last Pliny has only: cauda radicis incurvatur paulum scorpionum modo. The phrase cauda radicis is peculiar, and suggests that Pliny had a Greek text before him in which ῥίζα and οὐρὰ (or some case of it) were side by side. There is nothing in Dioscorides corresponding to arida, which appears to have arisen from its partial likeness to cauda.]

Wolf’s-bane to Panthers and Wolves

Pliny viii. 27 § 41.

aconite

Aconitum (Jean Lemaire, Ill. des Gaules, I, 20): Aconite (d’Aubigné, IV, 74; Ronsard); Aconit (A. Paré). — Aconitum, genre de Renonculacées qui renferme divers principes toxiques, parmi lesquels des alcaloïdes, aconitine, napelline, etc. L’aconit à fleurs jaunes des Alpes, A. lycoctonum, L. (de λνχοζ, loup, χτείνω, je tue), ou tue-loup, contient un alcaloïde particulier que Goris distingue de l’aconitine sous le nom de lycoctonine. On le mêlait, haché, à une pâtée de viande pour empoisonner les loups et autres animaux maalfaisants: «Pantheras perfricatâ carne aconito, venenum id est, barbari venantur», dit Pline, VIII, 41, et XXVII, 2: «Tangunt carnes aconito, necantque gustatu earum pantheras». (Paul Delaunay)

pards

Léopard d’Afrique ou panthère (Felis pardus L.) pardalis d’Aristote, pardus de Lucain et de Pline, cf. H.N. VIII, 23: «Pardos, qui mares [pantheræ] sunt, appellant». (Paul Delaunay)

aconite

Plant vénéneuse utilisée dans des pâtées de viande pour tuer les nuisibles.

pard

pard. Also parde, perde. [adopted from Old French pard, part, parde, adaptation of Latin pardus panther, adopted from Greek pardoj, panther, leopard, or ounce, an Eastern word; compare Persian pars panther.]

A panther or leopard. (Now only an archaic or poetic name.)

aconite

aconite. [adopted from French aconit, adaptation of Latin aconit-um, adaptation of Greek a’ko´niton of uncertain etymology. The Latin form aconitum is also used unchanged.]

A genus of poisonous plants, belonging to the order Ranunculaceae. especially the common European species Aconitum Napellus, called also Monk’s-hood and Wolf’s-bane. Also applied loosely or erroneously to other poisonous plants

An extract or preparation of this plant, used as a poison and in pharmacy. Poetic: Deadly poison.

aconite

In De Materia Medica (“The Materials of Medicine”), Dioscorides describes two different plants, the first Akoniton lycoctonum (IV.77), which was used as an anodyne (pain reliever) in eye medications, and to kill panthers, wolves, and other wild beasts. In the next chapter (IV.78), he describes “the other aconitum,” Aconitum napellus (monkshood), which also is poisonous and used to kill wolves. Aconitum napellus is so named, says Theophrastus (IX.16.4-5), because the tuberous root of the plant was thought to resemble a small turnip (napus) and “in this root resides its deadly property” (the alkaloid aconitine). He goes on to say that, depending upon how it is compounded, the effect of the poison can be immediate or fatal in several months or even a year or two—the longer the time, the more painful the death. In general, it was deadly to any four-footed animal and “kills them the same day if the root or leaf is put on the genitals” (IX.18.2).

Notes

Pentassilon

Pentaphyllon

Quinquefolium
maius luteum
Gross funffingerkraut
Taxon: Potentilla reptans L.
Modern names:
English: creeping cinquefoil
French: quintefeuille
German: Fuenffingerkraut

pentaphyllon

Quinquefolium nulli ignotum est, cum etiam fraga gignendo commendetur, Graeci pentapetes aut pentaphyllon aut chamaezelon vocant. cum effoditur, rubram habet radicem. haec inarescens nigrescit et angulosa fit. nomen a numero foliorum. et ipsa herba incipit et desinit cum vite. adhibetur et purgandis domibus.

Cinquefoil is known to everyone, being popular for its actually producing strawberries. The Greeks call it pentapetes, pentaphyllon, or chamaezelon. When it is dug up it has a red root, which as it dries becomes black and angular. The name is derived from the number of the leaves. The plant itself buds and sheds its leaves with the vine. It is also used in purifying houses.

Pentaphyllon

Pliny xxv. 9, § 62.

Pentaphyllon

Pentaphyllon, quintefeuille, allusion aux feuilles digitées, à cinq foliole, del la plante. «Quinquefolium… Græci… pentaphyllon… vocant». (Pline, XXV, 62). C’est Potentilla reptans, L. (Rosacée.) (Paul Delaunay)

Les aultres de leurs formes

Encore une fois, tout cela se retrouve dans le petit livre de Charles Estienne, De latinis nominibus.

Pentaphyllon

Agrippa, De occulta philosophia, II, iii, précise que l’on voit dans les propriétes du pentaphyllon, appelé quintefeuille, les vertus du nombre quinaire.

cinquefoil

cinquefoil, cinqfoil. Forms: sinkfoil, (qwynfoile), synkfoil(e, cinkfoly, -ie, cinfoly, cinkfoile, (cinkefield), cinqfile, cinquefole, (cintfoyle), sinke-, synke-, sinckefoyle, cinke-, cinquefoile, -foyle, cinkfoil, sinkefoile, (sinkfield), cinqfoil, cinquefoil. [formed on Old French type *cinkfoil, modern French quintefeuille (quintefoil in Alphita, 15th c.), corresponding to Latin quinquefolium, formed on quinque five + folium leaf.]

The plant Potentilla reptans (N. O. Rosaceæ), with compound leaves each of five leaflets. Also used of other species with similar leaves, and as a book-name for the whole genus.

Notes

Penelope weaving

The painting represents a scene from the Odyssey in an early Renaissance setting

Penelope

Therefore I pay no heed to strangers or to suppliants or at all to heralds, whose trade is a public one; instead, in longing for Odysseus I waste my heart away. So these men urge on my marriage, and I wind a skein of wiles. First some god breathed the thought in my heart to set up a great web in my halls and fall to weaving a robe—fine of thread was the web and very wide; and I at once spoke among them:
“‘Young men, my suitors, since noble Odysseus is dead, be patient, though eager for my marriage, until I finish this robe—I would not have my spinning come to nothing—a shroud for the hero Laertes against the time when the cruel fate of pitiless death shall strike him down; for fear anyone of the Achaean women in the land should cast blame upon me, if he were to lie without a shroud, who had won great possessions.’
“So I spoke, and their proud hearts consented. Then day by day I would weave at the great web, but by night would unravel it, when I had had torches placed beside me.

Pan

Now the Dionysus who was called the son of Semele, daughter of Cadmus, was about sixteen hundred years before my time, and Heracles son of Alcmene about nine hundred years; and Pan the son of Penelope (for according to the Greeks Penelope and Hermes were the parents of Pan) was about eight hundred years before me, and thus of a later date than the Trojan war.
146. With regard to these two, Pan and Dionysus, a man may follow whatsoever story he deems most credible; but I here declare my own opinion concerning them:—Had Dionysus son of Semele and Pan son of Penelope been made manifest in Hellas and lived there to old age, like Heracles the son of Amphitryon, it might have been said that they too (like Heracles) were but men, named after the older Pan and Dionysus, the gods of antiquity; but as it is, the Greek story has it that no sooner was Dionysus born than Zeus sewed him up in his thigh and carried him away to Nysa in Ethiopia beyond Egypt; and as for Pan, the Greeks know not what became of him after his birth. It is therefore plain to me that the Greeks learnt the names of these two gods later than the names of all the others, and trace the birth of both to the time when they gained the knowledge.

Pan

As for death among such beings [gods and demigods], I have heard the words of a man who was not a fool nor an impostor. The father of Aemilianus the orator, to whom some of you have listened, was Epitherses, who lived in our town and was my teacher in grammar. He said that once upon a time in making a voyage to Italy he embarked on a ship carrying freight and many passengers. It was already evening when, near the Echinades Islands, the wind dropped, and the ship drifted near Paxi. Almost everybody was awake, and a good many had not finished their after-dinner wine. Suddenly from the island of Paxi was heard the voice of someone loudly calling Thamus, so that all were amazed. Thamus was an Egyptian pilot, not known by name even to many on board. Twice he was called and made no reply, but the third time he answered; and the caller, raising his voice, said, ‘When you come opposite to Palodes,a announce that Great Pan is dead.’ On hearing this, all, said Epitherses, were astounded and reasoned among themselves whether it were better to carry out the order or to refuse to meddle and let the matter go. Under the circumstances Thamus made up his mind that if there should be a breeze, he would sail past and keep quiet, but with no wind and a smooth sea about the place he would announce what he had heard. So, when he came opposite Palodes, and there was neither wind nor wave, Thamus from the stern, looking toward the land, said the words as he had heard them: ‘Great Pan is dead.’ Even before he had finished there was a great cry of lamentation, not of one person, but of many, mingled with exclamations of amazement. As many persons were on the vessel, the story was soon spread abroad in Rome, and Thamus was sent for by Tiberius Caesar. Tiberius became so convinced of the truth of the story that he caused an inquiry and investigation to be made about Pan; and the scholars, who were numerous at his court, conjectured that he was the son born of Hermes and Penelopê.

muguet

A fond woer, or courter of wenches; an effiminate youngster, a spruce Carpet-knight; also, a curiously-dressed babie of clowts.

Muguets amoureux

Muguets amoureux] Plus bas encore, l. 4 chap 43., le vent de la chemise pour les muguets & amoureux. Muguet, amoureux qui se parfume de musc.

Muguets amoureux

Plus bas encore, livre IV, chapitre xliii, le vent de la chemise pour les muguets et amoureux. Un muguet ici n’est pas tant un amoureux qui sent le musc, qu’un amant qui juge de sa maîtresse, comme si le musc et l’ambre lui sortoient de par-tout. (L.)

Penelope

Homer Od. xix. 138-150.

Penelope

Cf. Homère, Odyssée, XIX, v. 138-150

Penelope’s excuse

In other words, they prefer to spin or weave.

Penelope

Pénélope, symbole de la fidélité conjugale, tissait une tapisserie pendant le jour et la défaisait la nuit pour lasser les prétendants à qui elle avait promis de choisir un mari quand la tapisserie serait terminée (Odyssée, xix).

la longue excuse de Penelope

Homère, Odyssée, XIX,v. 138; toutes ces figures féminines ont un rapport avec le fil : les Parques filaient la vie des hommes; Virgile nous montre Circé occupée à tisser pendant la nuit; Pénélope tissait en attendant le retour d’Ulysse.

pancarte

A paper containing the particular rates of Tolls, or Customes due unto the King, &c; thus tearmed, because, commonly, hung up in some publicke plase either single, or within a frame.

pantarques

Les pancartes, dont pantarques est une métathèse.

pantarche

(Glossary) pantarque, pancarte, paperasses.

pantarques

Pancartes. Cf. l. I, ch VIII, n. 3.

pantarques

Les titres de rent.

pantarch

pantarch. Obsolete rare. [adopted from French pantarche, -arque (Rabelais), erron. form of pancarte pancart.]

A paper; a general chart.

panchart

panchart. Obsolete [adaptation of medieval Latin pancharta (-carta), formed on Greek pan- all + Latin charta leaf, paper, in medieval Latin `charter’.]

A charter, originally apparently one of a general character, or that confirmed all special grants, but in later use applied to almost any written record.

Notes

alleum

Allium

Allium (text)

Onions to the sight

Pliny xix. 6, § 32.

l’oignon à la veue

«Omnibus etiam [cepæ generibus] odor lacrimosus», dit Pline, XIX, 32. L’oignon renferme du sulfure d’allyle, irritant pour la muqueuse conjonctivale. (Paul Delaunay)

l’Oignon, a la veue:

Alium cepasque inter deos in iureiurando habet Aegyptus. cepae genera apud Graecos Sarda, Samothracia, Alsidena, setania, schista, Ascalonia ab oppido Iudaeae nominata. omnibus corpus totum pingui tunicarum cartilagine omnibus etiam odor lacrimosus et praecipue Cypriis, minime Cnidiis.

In Egypt people swear by garlic and onions as deities in taking an oath. Among the Greeks the varieties of onion are the Sardinian, Samothracian, Alsidenian, setanian, the split onion, and the Ascalon onion, named from a town in Judaea. In all these the body consists entirely of coats of greasy cartilage; also they all have a smell which makes one’s eyes water, especially the Cyprus onions, but least of all those of Cnidos.

Nenuphar…

Encore une fois, la plupart de ces exemples se retrouvent dans le De latinis nominibus de Charles Estienne. Le nenufar et la semence de saule sont des antiaphrodisiaques. La ferula servait, dans l’Antiquité, à fustiger les écoliers (cf. Martial, X, 62-10).

onion

onion. Forms: unyon, onyon, oynyon, oynion, onion; also uniown, oynioun, oynon, onyounne, oynoun, oyne(u)on, onyone, hunyn, onnyon, unyeoun, oignion. [adopted from French oignon (formerly also oingnon, ongnon, ognon) = Provençal uignon, ignon: Latin unio, union-em unity, union, a kind of large pearl, a rustic Roman name for a single onion.]

The edible rounded bulb of Allium Cepa, consisting of close concentric coats, and having a strong pungent flavour and smell due to a volatile oil which is destroyed by boiling; it varies much in size, and in colour from dark red to white; it has been used as a culinary vegetable from the earliest known times. The plant Allium Cepa itself (N.O. Liliaceæ), supposed to be originally a native of central Asia, but very widely cultivated in almost all climates.

Notes

Epithimum

Orobus

Epithimum (text)

orobanche

orobanche

orobanche

Est herba quae cicer enecat et ervum circum-ligando se, vocatur orobanche; tritico simili modo aera, hordeo festuca quae vocatur aegilops, lenti herba securiclata quam Graeci a similitudine pelecinum vocant; et hae conplexu necant.

There is a weed that kills off chick-pea and bitter vetch by binding itself round them, called orobanche [‘Vetch-strangler.’ Not the modern botanists’ orobanche or broom-rape but plants such as dodder and bindweed]; and in a similar way wheat is attacked by darnel, barley by a long-stalked plant called aegilops and lentils by an axe-leaved plantb which the Greeks call axe-grass from its resemblance; these also kill the plants by twining round them.

orobanche

Veneficiis rostrum lupi resistere inveteratum aiunt ob idque villarum portis praefigunt. hoc idem praestare et pellis e cervice solida manica existimatur, quippe tanta vis est animalis praeter ea quae retulimus ut vestigia eius calcata equis adferant torporem.

Sorceries are said to be counteracted by a wolf’s preserved muzzle, and for this reason they hang one up on the gates of country houses. The same effect is supposed to be given by the whole fur from a wolf’s neck, the legs included, for so great is the power of the animal that, besides what I have already stated, his footprints when trodden on by horses make them torpid.

Orobanche

Voiez Pline, l. 18., chap. 17. C’est l’herbe teigne des Parisiens, appelée herba lupa par les Italiens.

orobanche

Plante nuisible, communément appellée herbe-teigne.

orobanche

Voyez Pline, liv. XVIII, chap. XVII: c’est l’herbe-teigne des Parisiens, appellée herba lupa par les Italiens. (L.) — C’est une plante nuisible.

Orobanche to Chick-peas

Pliny xviii. 17, § 44 (155).

orobanche aux poys chices

Tout ce passage est inspiré de Pline (XVIII, 44) — Orobanche (de ὄροδοζ, ers, ἄγχω, j’étrangle, allusion au parasitisme de ces plantes sur les légumineuses), genre de plantes parasites de la fam. des Orobanchées. — «Est herba quæ cicer enecat et ervum, circumligando se: vocatur orobanche», dit Pline. Mais ce texte s’applique plutôt, comme le fait remarquer Fée, à la cuscute (C. europæa, L. ?) Par contre, la plante que Pline décrit ailleurs (XXII, 80), sous le même nom d’orobanche ou cynomorion est bien une orobanche: soit O. caryophyllacea, Smith, soit O. (Phelypæa) ramosa, L. De Candolle assure qu’O. ramosa nuit beaucoup, en Italie, aux plantations de fèves. L’orobanche du pois chiche est O. speciosa, D. C. (Paul Delaunay)

orobanche, aegilops, securidaca, antranium, l’yvraye

Les cinq exemples suivants sont tous empruntés au même chapitre de Pline (XVIII, 44) (LD).

orobanche

Cf. De latinis nominibus, s.v. Epithymum et orobanche.

Orobanche

Orobanche [Latin (Pliny), adopted from Greek orobagxh, formed on oroboj Orobus + agxein to throttle.]

A genus of leafless plants (Tournefort, 1700), parasitical on the roots of other plants, chiefly Leguminosæ; the broomrape. Also attributive