Crenelé
Crené: Nickey, snipped, broken into; nocked, notched; jagged, indented
Crenelé: Imbattled; made into, or fashion like, battlements; also, Crené
Crené: Nickey, snipped, broken into; nocked, notched; jagged, indented
Crenelé: Imbattled; made into, or fashion like, battlements; also, Crené
Among the songbirds that relish the seed of Pantagruelion.
Tarin: A little singing bird, having a yellowish bodie, and an ash-coloured head.
Fringilla (Spinus) spinus (L.) (Paul Delaunay)
Petit passereau (fringillidé), granivore, au plumage vert-jaune marqué de noir.
Original French: que Galen l’auſe æquiparer a la Terebinthine:
Modern French: que Galen l’ause aequiparer à la Terebinthine:
Rabelais’s second reference to Galen in this chapter.
Meleses estants si frequentes au territoire d’Embrum & autout de Morienne, ne donneront despense à recouurer. Elles ont leurs semences plus petites que Cyprés, tant en la pommette que au noyau, toutesfois chasque chartée sur le lieu, qui l’entreprendoit, ne cousteroit pas un sou. C’est sur celuy dont la Manne est cueillie, & la grosse Terebenthine & l’Agaric aussi, & dont l’arbre est autant frequent es montaignes des Grisons, nommez en Latin Theti, qu’il fut onc, & es mesmes endroicts dont Tibere Empereur en feit apporter à Rome pour refaire le pont Naumachiarius, qui auoit esté bruslé.
Semences de Terebinthes se pourront aisément recouurer à charges de Chameaux, car ceux de Halep, Damas, Antioche, & toute Syrie les mangent auec le pain, toutesfois plus pres, les montaignes au dessous de Tournon en sont couuertes.
Térébenthine, résine du Térébinthe (Pistacia terebinthus, L.), exploitée jadis à Chio, d’où on l’exportait à Venise. Là, mélangée à la résine du mélèze, elle passait dans le commerce sous le nom de Térébenthine de Venise. «Mitissimæ vero duæ inter eas sunt [resinas], prima terebinthina, larix altera nuncupatur». Galien, De compos. medic. per genera, l. I, c. 12. (Paul Delaunay)
De Compositione Medicamentorum per Genera; Of the compounding of remedies in relation with their genera or On the composition of drugs according to kind.
Google translation: “Two of them are among the mildest [resinas], the turpentine, larch next call.”
Galien, De compos. medic. per genera, I, 12: voir Tiers livre, éd. Lefranc, n. 33, p. 374.
Pistacia terebinthus, known commonly as terebinth and turpentine tree, is a species of Pistacia, native to the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco, Portugal and the Canary Islands, to Greece and western Turkey. In the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea — Syria, Lebanon and Israel — a similar species, Pistacia palaestina, fills the same ecological niche as this species and is also known as terebinth.
John Chadwick believes that the terebinth is the plant called ki-ta-no in some of the Linear B tablets. He cites the work of a Spanish scholar, J.L. Melena, who had found “an ancient lexicon which showed that kritanos was another name for the turpentine tree, and that the Mycenaean spelling could represent a variant form of this word.”
The word “terebinth” is used (at least in some translations) for a tree mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), where the Hebrew word “elah” (plural “elim”) is used. This probably refers to Pistacia palaestina which is common in the area.
Terebinth from Oricum is referred to in Virgil’s Aeneid, Book 10, line 136, where Ascanius in battle is compared to “ivory skilfully inlaid in […] Orician terebinth” (”inclusum […] Oricia terebintho […] ebur”).
Terebinth is referred to by Robin Lane Fox in Alexander the Great: “When a Persian king took the throne, he attended Pasargadae, site of King Cyrus’s tomb, and dressed in a rough leather uniform to eat a ritual meal of figs, sour milk and leaves of terebinth.”
Abus, abux, adj., abusé, en erreur, confus, stupéfait, émerveille.
Tu en es abux. (B. de Scb., III,67, Bocca.)
Original French: Et eſt l’eaue ainsi caillée remede preſent aux cheuaulx coliqueux, & qui tirent des flans.
Modern French: Et est l’eaue ainsi caillée remède present aux chevaulx coliqueux, & qui tirent des flans.
Voiez Pline, l. 20 chap. pénultiéme. Le même réméde fur emploié heureusement en Alsace l’an 1705 à guerir une espéce de colique qui régnoit parmi les chevaux de l’armée Françoise.
Urquhart translates as, “And such as strike at their own Belly.” Ozell notes, “See Pliny, l. xx, last chapter but one. The same Remedy was successfully employ’d in Alsace in 1705 in the Cure of a kind of Cholic with which the Horses of the French Army were very much disorder’d.”
Smith translates as “broken-winded.” Fr. tirer des flancs = Lat. ilia ducere. Hor. Epp. i. I. 9. Pliny N.H. 16, §15: “Verbascum … jumentis non tussientibus modo sed ilia quoque trahentibus auxiliatur potu.”
tussi et purulenta excreantibus obolis tribus in passi totidem, verbascum cuius est flos aureus. huic tanta vis ut iumentis etiam non tussientibus modo sed ilia quoque trahentibus auxilietur potu, quod et de gentiana reperio.
For cough and spitting of pus, the dose being three oboli in the same amount of raisin wine, the golden-flowered verbascum is a good remedy. The potency of this plant is so great that beasts of burden that are not only suffering from cough but also broken-winded, are relieved by a draught, and the same I find is true of gentian.
Toute les vertus du pantagruélion que Rabelais va énumérer jusqu’a [voulez guerir une bruslure] sont attribués par Pline au chanvre (XX, 23 et 97) (LD/EC). Notons que R. accepte, comme tout le monde alors, la génération spontanée, notion faisant toujours autorité chez les médecins de la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle. Cf. J. Riolan, In libri Fernelii de Procreatione comment., Paris, 1578, 4: « Non est tamen necessarius congressus ad procreationem, nam plurima animalia de putridine excitantur … ».
Cannabis in silvis primum nata est, nigrior foliis et asperior. semen eius extinguere genituram dicitur. sucus ex eo vermiculos aurium et quodcumque animal intraverit eicit, sed cum dolore capitis, tantaque vis ei est ut aquae infusus coagulare eam dicatur. et ideo iumentorum alvo succurrit potus in aqua. radix articulos contractos emollit in aqua cocta, item podagras et similes impetus. ambustis cruda inlinitur, sed saepius mutatur priusquam arescat.
Hemp at first grew in woods, with a darker and rougher leaf. Its seed is said to make the genitals impotent. The juice from it drives out of the ears the worms and any other creature that has entered them, but at the cost of a headache; so potent is its nature that when poured into water it is said to make it coagulate. And so, drunk in their water, it regulates the bowels of beasts of burden. The root boiled in water eases cramped joints, gout too and similar violent pains [Cf. § 228 and note on XXII. § 122]. It is applied raw to burns, but is often changed before it gets dry.
Pliny 20.23: «On tient que le chanvre a si grande vertu, que mis en infusion en eau, il la fait prendre: aussi la baille-on à boire aux Jumens, pour les fair retentir» (trad. Du Pinet).
Original French: laquelle pour tel debat feut dicte Polemonia, comme Guerroyere.
Modern French: laquelle pour tel debat feut dicte Polemonia, comme Guerroyère.
Polemoniam alii philetaeriam ab certamine regum inventionis appellant, Cappadoces autem chiliodynamiam, radice crassa, exilibus ramis quibus in summis corymbi dependent, nigro semine, cetero rutae similis, nascitur in montosis.
Two kings [Polemon, King of Pontus, and Philetaerus, King of Cappadocia] have claimed to be the discoverer of polemonia; accordingly some call it by that name and some philetaeria, while the Cappadocians call it chiliodynamia [“The plant with a thousand powers”]. It has a thick root, thin branches with clusters hanging from the ends, and black seed. In other respects it is like rue, and it grows in mountainous districts.
Polemoine: Spattling Poppie, frothie Poppie, white Ben; also, the shrubbie Trefoile called, Make-bate.
Guerroyere] Tout ceci est pris de Pline, l. 25., chap 6.
Translated by Urquhart as “and by us for the same cause termed Make-bate.” Ozell’s footnote re. Make bate: Guerroyere. Warlike. All this and most that comes after is taken from Pliny l. xxv. c. vi, and vii, &c. &c. &c.
Pliny, N.H. xxv. 6, § 28: “Polemoniam alii Philetaeriam a certamine regum inventionis appellant.”
« Polemoniam, alii philetæriam, a certamine regum inventionis appellant ». Pline, XXV, 6. C’est le πολεμώντον de Dioscoride (IV, 8). Tournefort, le premier, reconnut dans cette plante la Valériane grecque (Polemonium cæruleum, L.). C’est l’avis de Fée. M. Sainéan la rapporte à Hypericum (Ascyreia) olympicum L. La plante que les botanistes appelaient au XVIe siècle, avec Pena et Lobel, Polemonium monspelliense est notre Jasminum fruticans, L. (Paul Delaunay)
De latinis nominibus, s.v. polemonia.
Pline, XXV, vi.
polemoniaceous [formed on modern Latin Polemoniaceæ (formed on Polemonium, adopted from Greek polemwnion the Greek Valerian, formed on proper name Polemwn, or, according to Pliny, from polemoj war)]
Of or belonging to the Polemoniaceæ, a family of herbaceous plants, chiefly natives of temperate countries, the typical genus of which, Polemonium, contains the Jacob’s ladder or Greek Valerian, P. cæruleum.
polemonium. [modern Latin (J. P. de Tournefort Institutiones Rei Herbariæ (1700) I. 146), adopted from Gk. polemwnion.]
An annual or perennial herb of the genus so called, belonging to the family Polemoniaceæ, native to America, Asia, or Europe, and bearing single or clustered bell-shaped flowers.
Original French: commencent s’enrouer.
Modern French: commencent s’enrouer.
ipsa cannabis vellitur post vindemiam ac lucubrationibus decorticata purgatur.
The hemp plant itself is plucked after the vintage, and peeling and cleaning it is a task done by candle light.
Adonc se retirerent tous les geans avecques leur roy là aupres où estoient les flaccons, & Panurge & ses compaignons avecques eulx, qui contrefaisoit ceulx qui ont eu la verolle: car il tortoit la gueule & retiroit les doigts, & en parolle enrouée leur dist.
Ie renye dieu compaignons, nous ne faisons point la guerre, donnez nous à repaistre avecques vous ce pendant que nos maistres s’entrebattent.
Ceste desconfite gygantale parachevée Pantagruel se retira au lieu des flaccons, & appela Panurge & les aultres, lesquelz se rendirent à luy sains & saulves, excepté Eusthenes qu’ung des geans avoit esgratigné quelque peu au visaige, ainsi qu’il l’esgorgetoit. Et Epistemon qui ne comparoit point. Dont Pantagruel fut si dolent qu’il se voulut tuer soymesmes, mais Panurge luy dist. Dea seigneur attendez ung peu, nous le chercherons entre les mors, & verrons la verité du tout. Ainsi doncques comme ilz cherchoient, ilz le trouverent tout roidde mort & la teste entre ses bras toute sanglante. Dont Eusthenes s’escrya. Ha male mort, nous as tu tollu le plus parfaict des hommes. A laquelle voix se leva Pantagruel au plus grand deuil qu’on veit iamais au monde: mais Panurge dist. Enfans ne pleurez point, il est encores tout chault. Ie vous le gueriray aussi sain qu’il fut iamais. Et ce disant print la teste & la tint sus sa braguette chauldement qu’elle ne print vent, & Eusthenes & Carpalim porterent le corps au lieu où ilz avoient bancquetté: non par espoir que iamais guerist, mais affin que Pantagruel le veist. Toutesfois Panurge les reconfortoit, disant. Si ie ne le guerys ie veulx perdre la teste (qui est le gaige d’ung fol) laissez ces pleurs & me aydez. Adonc nettoya tresbien de beau vin blanc le col, & puis la teste: & y synapiza de pouldre [de diamerdys] de Aloes qu’il portoit tousiours en une de ses fasques: apres les oignit de ie ne sçay quel oingnement, & les aiusta iustement vene contre vene, nerf contre ner, spondyle contre spondyle, affin qu’il ne feut torty colly (car telz gens il hayssoit de mort) & ce faict luy fist deux ou troys poins de agueille, affin qu’elle ne tombast de rechief: puis mist à l’entour ung peu de unguent, qu’il appelloit resuscitatif. Et soubdain Epistemon commença à respirer, puis à ouvrir les yeulx, puis à baisler, puis à esternuer, puis feist ung gros pet de mesnage, dont dist Panurge, à ceste heure il est guery asseurement: & luy bailla à boire d’ung grand villain vin blanc avecques tout une roustie succrée. En ceste façon fut Epistemon guery habilement, excepté qu’il fut enroué plus de troys sepmaines, et eut ung toux seiche, dont il ne peut oncques guerir, sinon à force de boire.
Et là commença parler, disant. Qu’il avoit veu les diables, & avoit parlé à Lucifer familierement, & faict grand chere en enfer, et par les champs Elisées.
Enroüé: Hoarse, whizzing, or wheazing, of a broken sound.
L’hirondelle et les petits oiseaux
Une hirondelle en ses voyages
Avait beaucoup appris. Quiconque a beaucoup vu
Peut avoir beaucoup retenu.
Celle-ci prévoyait jusqu’aux moindres orages,
Et devant qu’ils ne fussent éclos,
Les annonçait aux matelots.
Il arriva qu’au temps que le chanvre se sème,
Elle vit un manant en couvrir maints sillons.
«Ceci ne me plaît pas, dit-elle aux oisillons:
Je vous plains, car pour moi, dans ce péril extrême,
Je saurai m’éloigner, ou vivre en quelque coin.
Voyez-vous cette main qui, par les airs chemine?
Un jour viendra, qui n’est pas loin,
Que ce qu’elle répand sera votre ruine.
De là naîtront engins à vous envelopper,
Et lacets pour vous attraper,
Enfin, mainte et mainte machine
Qui causera dans la saison
Votre mort ou votre prison:
Gare la cage ou le chaudron!
C’est pourquoi, leur dit l’hirondelle,
Mangez ce grain et croyez-moi.»
Les oiseaux se moquèrent d’elle:
Ils trouvaient aux champs trop de quoi.
Quand la chènevière fut verte,
L’hirondelle leur dit: «Arrachez brin à brin
Ce qu’a produit ce mauvais grain,
Ou soyez sûrs de votre perte.
—Prophète de malheur, babillarde, dit-on,
Le bel emploi que tu nous donnes!
Il nous faudrait mille personnes
Pour éplucher tout ce canton.»
La chanvre étant tout à fait crue,
L’hirondelle ajouta: «Ceci ne va pas bien;
Mauvaise graine est tôt venue.
Mais puisque jusqu’ici l’on ne m’a crue en rien,
Dès que vous verrez que la terre
Sera couverte, et qu’à leurs blés
Les gens n’étant plus occupés
Feront aux oisillons la guerre;
Quand reglingettes et réseaux
Attraperont petits oiseaux,
Ne volez plus de place en place,
Demeurez au logis ou changez de climat:
Imitez le canard, la grue ou la bécasse.
Mais vous n’êtes pas en état
De passer, comme nous, les déserts et les ondes,
Ni d’aller chercher d’autres mondes;
C’est pourquoi vous n’avez qu’un parti qui soit sûr,
C’est de vous enfermer aux trous de quelque mur.»
Les oisillons, las de l’entendre,
Se mirent à jaser aussi confusément
Que faisaient les Troyens quand la pauvre Cassandre
Ouvrait la bouche seulement.
Il en prit aux uns comme aux autres:
Maint oisillon se vit esclave retenu.
Nous n’écoutons d’instincts que ceux qui sont les nôtres
Et ne croyons le mal que quand il est venu.
En septembre.
En september — Le chanvre se sème fin mia (cf. La Fontaine, I, 8: L’hirondelle et les petits oiseaux) et se récolte en automne.
En septembre.
(ancien français ro, rauque, du latin raucus) Rendre la voix sourde ou rauque et voilée : La fumée l’a enrouée.
raucous (adj.) 1769, from Latin raucus “hoarse,” related to ravus “hoarse,” from Proto-Indoeuropean echoic base *reu- “make hoarse cries” (cf. Sanskrit rayati “barks,” ravati “roars;” Greek oryesthai “to howl, roar;” Latin racco “a roar;” Old Church Slavonic rjevo “I roar;” Lithuanian rekti “roar;” Old English rarian “to wail, bellow”). Middle English had rauc in the same sense, from the same source.
Suivant les Anciens, la cigale (cicada) évoque l’automne (cf. Juvenal, IX, 68).
Cigale: A thick, broad-headed, and mouthless flye, which ordinarily sits on trees, and sings (after her skreaking fashion) both day and night; living onely of the dew of heaven, which shee drawes into her by certaine tongue-like prickles, placed on her breast; she hath [hateth] both old, and cold countries; and therefore we neither have her, nor name for her.
CIGALE, Espèce d’insecte qui vole, et qui fait un bruit aigre et importun dans les champs, durant les ardeurs de l’été. — Tout aigre qu’est ce bruit, on l’apèle pourtant chant: “Le chant de la cigale; j’ai oui chanter les cigales.”
Gros insecte homoptère suceur de sève, commun dans le Midi et connu par sa stridulation monotone. [Big homopteran sap-sucking insect, common in the south and known for its monotonous chirp —Editor.]
Original French: ne croiſt en pareille haulteur.
Modern French: ne croist en pareille haulteur.
Croistre. To increase, grow, thrive, wax bigger, augment; swell, or rise in height, shoot up; come on apace.
Among the plants that, like Pantagruelion, have two sexes.
Terebinto [Pistacia terebinthus L.]
The terebinth has a ‘male’ and a ‘female’ form. The ‘male’ is barren, which is why it is called ‘male’; the fruit of one of the ‘female’ forms is red from the first and as large as an unripe lentil; the other produces a green fruit which subsequently turns red, and, ripening at the same time as the grapes, becomes eventually black and is as large as a bean, but resinous and somewhat aromatic.
XII. Syria et terebinthum habet. ex iis mascula est sine fructu, feminarum duo genera: alteri fructus rubet lentis magnitudine, alteri pallidus cum vite maturescit, non grandior faba, odore iucundior, tactu osus. resincirca Iden Troadis et in Macedonia brevis arbor haec atque fruticosa, in Damasco Syriae magna. materies ei admodum lenta ac fidelis ad vetustatem, nigri splendoris, flos racemosus olivae modo, sed rubens, folia densa. fert et folliculos emittentes quaedam animalia ceu culices lentoremque resinosum qui et ex cortice erumpit.
XII. Syria also has the turpentine-tree. Of this the male variety has no fruit, but the female has two kinds of fruit, one of them ruddy and the size of a lentil, while the other is pale, and ripens at the same time as the grape; it is no larger in size than a bean, has a rather agreeable scent, and is sticky to the touch. Round Mount Ida in the Troad and in Macedonia this is a low-growing shrub-like tree, but at Damascus in Syria it is big. Its wood is fairly flexible and remains sound to a great age; it is of a shiny black colour. The flower grows in clusters like the olive, but is crimson in colour, and the foliage is thick. It also bears follicles out of which come insects resembling gnats, and which produce a sticky resinous fluid which also bursts out from its bark.
Meleses estants si frequentes au territoire d’Embrum & autout de Morienne, ne donneront despense à recouurer. Elles ont leurs semences plus petites que Cyprés, tant en la pommette que au noyau, toutesfois chasque chartée sur le lieu, qui l’entreprendoit, ne cousteroit pas un sou. C’est sur celuy dont la Manne est cueillie, & la grosse Terebenthine & l’Agaric aussi, & dont l’arbre est autant frequent es montaignes des Grisons, nommez en Latin Theti, qu’il fut onc, & es mesmes endroicts dont Tibere Empereur en feit apporter à Rome pour refaire le pont Naumachiarius, qui auoit esté bruslé.
Pline en décrit plusieurs espèces : « Ex his mascula est sine fructu ; feminarum dup genera » (XIII, 12). En réalité, il n’y là qu’une espèce, et dioïque: Pistacia terebinthus L. (Térébinthacées). (Paul Delaunay)
terebinth. Forms: theribynte, terebynt, therebinthe, terebynte, -bint, -binthe, teribinth, terebinth. [Old French therebint(e (13th century in Hatzfeld and Darmesteter, Dictionnaire général de la langue française), -binthe, -bin, terebinte (Godefroy Compl.), adaptation of Latin terebinthus (Pliny), adopted from Greek terebinqoj, earlier terbinqoj and terminqoj, probably a foreign word.]
A tree of moderate size, Pistacia Terebinthus, N.O. Anacardiaceæ, a native of Southern Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia, the source of Chian turpentine, and a common object of veneration; also called turpentine tree, and Algerine or Barbary mastic-tree.
1382 John Wyclif Genesis. xxxv. 4 [Jacob] indeluede hem vndur an theribynte, that is bihynde the cite of Sichem.
1382 John Wyclif Ecclus. xxiv. 22, I as terebynt strei3te out my braunchis.
1535 Coverdale Isaiah. vi. 13 As the Terebyntes and Oketrees bringe forth their frutes.
1578 Bible (Genev.) Ecclus. xxiv. 18 margin, Terebinth is a hard tree… whereout runneth ye gumme called a pure turpentine.
1579 Edmund Spenser Shepherds’ Calendar. July 86 Here growes Melampode… And Teribinth, good for Gotes.
1601 Philemon Holland, translator Pliny’s History of the world, commonly called the Natural historie I. 389 In Syria grows the Terebinth or Terpentine tree… . This fruit of the Terebinth ripeneth with grapes.
1609 Bible (Douay) 1 Kings xiii. 14 He… found him sitting under a terebinth.
1863 W. A. Wright in Smith’s Dict. Bible I. 858/1 (Idolatry) The terebinth at Mamre, beneath which Abraham built an altar.
1885 Bible (R.V.) Isaiah vi. 13 As a terebinth, and as an oak.
Also terebinth tree.
1572 Bossewell Armorie iii. 23 b, The fielde is of the Moone, a Therebinthe tree, Saturne, floured and leafed, Veneris.
The resin of this tree = turpentine. Obsolete
1483 Caxton Golden Legend 51 b/1 Presente to that man yeftes, a lytyl reysyns and hony… therebinthe and dates.
1585 T. Washington tr. Nicholay’s Voy. iii. xv. 99 b, To make [their hair] grow… they vse by continuall artifice Terebinthe and vernish.
1672-3 Grew Anat. Roots i. iii. §21 The Root of Common Wormwood bleeds… a true Terebinth, or a Balsame with all the defining properties of a Terebinth.
turpentine. Forms: terebentine, -yne (see also terebinthine); terb-, turbentyne; terpentin, turpentyne, -tyn, terpentine, turpentine; turmyntyne, termenteyne. [In 14-15th century terebentyne, terbentyne, adopted from Old French tere-, terbentine, adaptation of Latin terbentina or terebinthina (resina): Already by 1400, Old French had tourbentine (in R. Estienne 1550, turbentine); so English turbentyn and turpentine. The 15-16th century variant termenteyne curiously approaches the earlier Greek terminqinh terebinthine resin, turpentine.]
A term applied originally (as in Greek and Latin) to the semifluid resin of the terebinth tree, Pistacia terebinthus (Chian or Cyprian turpentine); now chiefly to the various oleoresins which exude from coniferous trees, consisting of more or less viscid solutions of resin in a volatile oil.
1322 in Wardr. Acc. 16 Edw. II 23/20 Terbentyn 7d þe lb.
1398 John de Trevisa Bartholomeus De proprietatibus rerus xvii. clxiv. (Bodl. MS.) lf. 232/1 Therebintus is a tre þat sweteþ rosine… and þe rosine þereof hatte Therebentina.
C. 1400 Maundev. (1839) v. 51 A gome, þat men clepen Turbentyne.
C. 1425 tr. Arderne’s Treat. Fistula 32 Terbentyne. 1460-70 Bk. Quintessence ii. 25 Wiþ frank-encense, mirre, and rosyn, terbentyn and rewe.
C. 1425 tr. Arderne’s Treat. Fistula 31 Putte to of terebentyne als moche as sufficeþ… moue it strongly wiþ a spature vnto þat þe terebentyne be dronken in.
YC. 1400 Maundev. (Roxb.) vii. 26 A maner of gumme, þat es called Turpentyne.
1541 R. Copland Guydon’s Formul. X j b, Fomentacyon with oyle and terebentyne medled & warmedieval
1576 Baker Jewell of Health 128 Turpentine, which is a lycour dystilled and gotten of the Fyrre tree.
1580 Hollyband Treas. French Tong, Térébinthine, turpentyne.
1597 A. M. tr. Guillemeau’s French Chirurg. 42 b/2 Made of Oyle of Egges and of Venetiane Terebentine.
1601 Philemon Holland, translator Pliny’s History of the world, commonly called the Natural historie xv. xii. I. 465 In Syria they use to plucke the barke from the Terebinth, yea, and they pill the boughs and roots too for Terpentine.
1673 Grew Anat. Trunks i. ii. §18 Out of these Vessels all the clear Turpentine, that drops from the Tree, doth issue.
1718 Quincy Compl. Disp. 125 Common Turpentine… is procured from the Larch-Tree.
1813 Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. iii. (1814) 97 When a portion of the bark is removed from a fir tree in Spring a matter exudes which is called turpentine.
1875 H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 131 Turpentine is remarkable for having the property of absorbing oxygen and converting it into ozone.
Pistacia terebinthus, known commonly as terebinth and turpentine tree, is a species of Pistacia, native to the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco, Portugal and the Canary Islands, to Greece and western Turkey. In the eastern shores of the Mediterranean sea — Syria, Lebanon and Israel — a similar species, Pistacia palaestina, fills the same ecological niche as this species and is also known as terebinth.
John Chadwick believes that the terebinth is the plant called ki-ta-no in some of the Linear B tablets. He cites the work of a Spanish scholar, J.L. Melena, who had found “an ancient lexicon which showed that kritanos was another name for the turpentine tree, and that the Mycenaean spelling could represent a variant form of this word.”
The word “terebinth” is used (at least in some translations) for a tree mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), where the Hebrew word “elah” (plural “elim”) is used. This probably refers to Pistacia palaestina which is common in the area.
Terebinth from Oricum is referred to in Virgil’s Aeneid, Book 10, line 136, where Ascanius in battle is compared to “ivory skilfully inlaid in […] Orician terebinth” (”inclusum […] Oricia terebintho […] ebur”).
Terebinth is referred to by Robin Lane Fox in Alexander the Great: “When a Persian king took the throne, he attended Pasargadae, site of King Cyrus’s tomb, and dressed in a rough leather uniform to eat a ritual meal of figs, sour milk and leaves of terebinth.”