Notes

Eupatorium

Eupatorium (text)

Eupatorium

Canapis

Seems more similar to eupatorium than to cannabis.

Eupatorium cannabinum

Plate caption: Eupatorium adulterinum
Kunigunt kraut

Eupatorium cannabinum L.
English: hemp agrimony
French: eupatoire
German: Wasserdostkraut

eupatorium

Eupatoria quoque regiam auctoritatem habet, caulis lignosi, nigricantis, hirsuti, cubitalis et aliquando amplioris, foliis per intervalla quinquefolii aut cannabis per extremitates incisis quinquepertito, nigris et ipsis plumosisque, radice supervacua. semen dysintericis in vino potum auxiliatur unice.

Eupatoria [Eupator was a surname of Mithridates VI, King of Pontus. See § 62 and XXXIII. § 151.] too enjoys the prestige of a royal discoverer. It has a ligneous stem, dark, hairy, and a cubit or sometimes more in height; the leaves, arranged at intervals, are like those of cinquefoil or hemp, and have five indentations along the edge; they too are dark and feathery. The root is useless, but the seed taken in wine is a sovereign remedy in cases of dysentery.

1544

Cannabis, Du chanvre. Cannabis erratica similis est Eupatorio.

eupatoire

Read Eupatorium or Eupatoria, Eupator was not the Herb itself, but the King from whom it had its name.

eupatoire

Sorte d’herbe médicale.

chanvre

CHANVRE, s. m. (Hist. nat.) cannabis, genre de plante à fleurs sans pétales, composée de plusieurs étamines soûtenues sur un calice, & stérile, comme l’a observé Cæsalpin. Les embryons sont sur les plants qui ne portent point de fleurs; iis deviennent des capsules qui renferment une semence arrondie. Tournefort, Inst. rei herb.

On connoît deux sortes de chanvre, le sauvage, & le domestique.

Le sauvage, cannabis erratica, paludosa, sylvestris, Ad. Lobel. est un genre de plante dont les feuilles sont assez semblables à celles du chanvre domestique, hormis qu’elles sont plus petites. plus noires, & plus rudes; du reste cette plante ressemble à la guimauve, quant à ses tiges, sa graine, & sa racine.

Le chanvre domestique dont il s’agit ici, est caractérisé par nos Botanistes de la maniere suivante.

Ses feuilles disposées en main ouverte naissent opposées les unes aux autres: ses fleurs n’ont point de pétales visibles; la plante est mâle & femelle.

On la distingue donc en deux especes, en mâle & en femelle; ou en féconde qui porte des fruits, & en stérile qui n’a que des fleurs; l’une & l’autre viennent de la même graine,

Le chanvre à fruit, cannabis fructifera Offic. cannabis sativa, Park. C.B.P. 320. Hist. oxon. 3. 433. Rau, hist. 1. 158. synop. 53. Boerh. Ind. A. 2. 104. Tournef. inst. 535. Buxb. 53. cannabis mas. J. B. 3. P. 2. 447. Ger. emac. 708. cannabina facunda, Dod. pempt 535.

Le chanvre à fleurs, cannabis florigera, Offic, cannabis erratica, C. B. P. 320. 1. R. H. 535, cannabis famina, J.B. 32. 447. cannab. sterilis, Dod. pemp. 535.

eupatoire

L’eupatoire d’Avicenne, Eupatorium cannabinum L., (Composée), a des feuilles composées, à 3-5 lobes lancéoles-acuminées, dentés, assez semblables à celles du chanvre. (Paul Delaunay)

Gravelroot

Gravelroot
Botanical: Eupatorium purpureum (LINN.)
Family: N.O. Compositae
Synonyms: Trumpet-weed. Gravelweed. Joe-pye Weed. Jopi Weed. Queen-of-the-Meadow Root. Purple Boneset. Eupatorium purpureum, trifoliatum, and maculatum. Eupatorium verticillatum. Eupatorium ternifolium. Hempweed.

euaptoire

L’eupatoire a des feuilles semblables à celles du chanvre.

Eupatoire

Les feuilles de l’eupatoire ressemblent à celles du chanvre. De là le classement prêté ensuite aux «herbires», aux botanistes.

Eupatorium

Eupatorium [modern Latin, adopted from Greek eupatorion, Agrimonia Eupatorium, so called from Mithridates Eupator, king of Pontus, who first used it.]

A genus of the order Compositæ, abundant in America; only one species, E. cannabinum, Hemp Agrimony, being British.

Notes

agrimonia

Agrimony

Agrimony (text)

Eupatorium

Eupatorium (text)

aigremoine

L’aigremoine, Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosacée) a des feuilles composées, pinnées, à folioles lancéolées, dentées. (Paul Delaunay)

Agrimony

Agrimony
Botanical: Agrimonia Eupatoria (LINN)

There are several other plants, not actually related botanically to the Common Agrimony, that were given the same name by the older herbalists because of their similar properties. These are the COMMON HEMP AGRIMONY, Eupatorium Cannabinum (Linn.) called by Gerard the Common Dutch Agrimony, and by Salmon, in his English Herbal (1710), Eupatorium Aquaticum mas, the Water Agrimony- also the plant now called the Trifid Bur-Marigold, Bidens tripartita (Linn.), but by older herbalists named the Water Hemp, Bastard Hemp and Bastard Agrimony. The name Bastard Agrimony has also been given to a species of true Agrimony, Agrimonium Agrimonoides, a native of Italy, growing in moist woods and among bushes.

agrimony

agrimony. Forms: agrimonia, egremounde, egrimoigne, egremoyne, egrymoyn(e, egrimonie, -y, egremonie, agremony, agrymonye, agrimonie, agrimony. [adaptation of Latin agrimonia (Cels.), said to be a transformation of Greek a’rgemw´nh (Dioscor.), of unknown etymology. The Middle English forms were adopted from French aigremoine.]

A genus of plants (N.O. Rosaceae), of which one species (A. Eupatoria), to which the English name is usually attached, is common in Britain.

Through confusion as to the application of Eupatoria and Liverwort, old names of Agrimony, the name has been, with or without qualification, extended to other plants.
a Bastard, Dutch, Hemp, or Water Agrimony, Eupatoria cannabina.
b Noble, Three-leaved Agrimony, Hepatica (Lyte).
c Water Agrimony, Bidens (Gerard).
d Wild Agrimony, Potentilla anserina (Lyte).

Notes

Fraxinus

Fraxinus

Fraxinus (text)

fresne

Le Frêne, Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oléacée), a des feuilles composées, à folioles ovales lancéolées, dentées. (Paul Delaunay)

Cannabis

Dioscorides 3.165 Kannabis Emeros. Cannabis [some call it Cannabium, some Schoenostrophon, some Asterion, ye Romans Cannabis] is a plant of much use in this life for ye twistings of very strong ropes, it bears leaves like to the Ash, of a bad scent, long stalks, empty, a round seed, which being eaten of much doth quench geniture, but being juiced when it is green is good for the pains of the ears.

ash

ash. Forms: æsc, asse, aychs, assch, asch, assh, ashe, aish, esche, ach, ash.
[Common Teut.: OE. æsc is cogn. with ONor. askr, Old High German ask,Middle High German asch, mod.G. esche, OTeut. *ask-oz.]

A well-known forest tree, indigenous to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, and noted in Teutonic literature from the earliest times; having silver-grey bark, graceful pinnate foliage, a peculiar winged seed or samara called the `ash-key,’ and very tough close-grained wood valuable for implements. The tribe of trees Fraxineæ, N.O. Oleaceæ, including the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior), and the manna or flowering ashes (Ornus Europæa and rotundifolia).

The wood or timber of the ash-tree.

The ashen shaft of a spear; a spear. Obsolete

ash

Materiae enim causa reliquas arbores natura genuit copiosissimamque fraxinum. procera haec ac teres, pinnata et ipsa folio, multumque Homeri praeconio et Achillis hasta nobilitata. materies est ad plurima utilis. ea quidem quae fit in Ida Troadis in tantum cedro similis ut ementes fallat cortice ablato. Graeci duo genera eius fecere: longam enodem, alteram brevem duriorem fuscioremque, laureis foliis. bumeliam vocant in Macedonia amplissimam lentissimamque. alii situ divisere, campestrem enim esse crispam, montanam spissam. folia earum iumentis mortifera, ceteris ruminantium innocua Graeci prodidere; in Italia nec iumentis nocent. contra serpentes vero suco expresso ad potum et imposita ulceri opifera ut nihil aeque reperiuntur; tantaque est vis ut ne matutinas quidem occidentesve umbras, cum sunt longissimae, serpens arboris eius adtingat, adeo ipsam procul fugiat. experti prodimus, si fronde ea circumcludantur ignis et serpens, in ignes potius quam in fraxinum fugere serpentem. mira naturae benignitas prius quam hae prodeant florere fraxinum nec ante conditas folia demittere.

For it is for the sake of their timber thatThe ash: varieties, localities and uses. Nature has created the rest of the trees, and the most productive of them all, the ash. This is a lofty, shapely tree, itself also having feathery foliage, and has been rendered extremely famous by the advertisement given it by Homer [Il. XX. 277 Πηλιάς . . . μελίη] as supplying the spear of Achilles. The wood of the ash is useful for a great many purposes. The kind grown on Ida in the Troad so closely resembles cedar-wood that when the bark has been removed it deceives buyers. The Greeks have distinguished two kinds of ash-tree, a tall one without knots and the other a short tree with harder and darker wood and foliage like that of the bay-tree. In Macedonia there is a very large ash making very flexible timber, which has the Greek name of ‘ox-ash.’ Other people have distinguished the ash-tree by locality, as they say that the ash of the plains has a crinkly grain and the mountain ash is close-grained. Greek writers have stated that the leaves of the ash are poisonous to beasts of burden, though doing no harm to all the other kinds of ruminants; but in Italy they are harmless to beasts of burden also. Indeed, they are found to be serviceable as an exceptionally effective antidote for snake-bites, if the juice is squeezed out to make a potion and the leaves are applied to the wound as a poultice; and they are so potent that a snake will not come in contact with the shadow of the tree even in the morning or at sunset when it is at its longest, so wide a berth does it give to the tree itself. We can state from actual experiment that if a ring of ash-leaves is put round a fire and a snake, the snake will rather escape into the fire than into the ash-leaves. By a marvellous provision of Nature’s kindness the ash flowers before the snakes come out and does not shed its leaves before they have gone into hibernation.

and a little below the top of the stalk

Ozell’s comment on the Urquhart translation: The English whereof seems to me to be, near the Top of the Stalk, but a very little below it.

claire

Clair: Cleere, light, shining, bright.

tannée

Tanné :m, ée: Tawnie; also, duskie, swart, sallow.

Tawny (color)

Tawny is a yellowish brown color. The word means “tan-colored,” from Anglo-French tauné “associated with the brownish-yellow of tanned leather,” from Old French tané “to tan hides,” from Medieval Latin tannare from tannum “crushed oak bark,” used in tanning leather, probably from a Celtic source (e.g. Breton tann “oak tree”).

durette

Duret: m. ette: f. Somewhat hard, stiffe, solide; rough, harsh; difficile, inflexible; sturdie, rude, fierce.

Notes

Macedonian sarisse

Pointe de lance

Macedonian phalanx

Depiction of a Macedonian phalanx. From Elmer May et. al., Ancient and Medieval Warfare (1984).

sarisse macedonique

qui clipeo galeaque Macedoniaque sarisa
conspicuus faciemque obversus in agmen utrumque

Then forth rushed one, armed with the spoils of Emathian Halesus whom he had slain, Latreus, of enormous bulk of limb and body. His years were midway between youth and age, but his strength was youthful. Upon his temples his hair was turning grey. Conspicuous for his shield and helmet and Macedonian lance, and facing either host in turn, he clashed his arms and rode round in a circle, insolently pouring out many boasts on the empty air…

Sarisse Macedonique

[Note continues from Betony:] he [the Author, (Rabelais?)] goes on, and ending in the Points of the Macedonian Larix, not as the Translator has it, in the points of a Macedonian Spear. He took Larice (larch-tree) for Lance belike.

sarisse

C’est ainsi qu’on lit dans l’édition de 1552. Les deux éditions de Le Duchat, ainsi que celles de M. D. J. ont Larice, mais c’est une faute: ce mot ne vient pas du latin larix, larix, arbre, mais de sarissa, nom de la longue pique des Macédoniens, dans Ovide.

sarice macedonicque

Longue pique des Macédonians. Alias, larice.

Sarisse Macedonicque

Pique utilisée par les célèbres phalanges macédoniennes.

Macedonian

Macedonian [formed on Latin Macedonius = Greek Makedo´nioj]

A Pertaining to Macedonia, an ancient country north of Greece; now, a geographical area in the central Balkans.

Sarisse

The sarissa or sarisa (Greek: σάρισα) was a long spear or pike about 4–6 metres (13–20 ft) in length. It was introduced by Philip II of Macedon and was used in his Macedonian phalanxes as a replacement for the earlier dory, which was considerably shorter. These longer spears improved the traditional strength of the phalanx by extending the rows of overlapping weapons projecting towards the enemy, and the word remained in use throughout the Byzantine years to sometimes describe the long spears of their own infantry.

Notes

Betonica

Plate 25

Betonica

Betonica (text)

Stachys officinalis

Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis. [as Betonica]

Stachys betonienkraut

Stachys betonienkraut [as Betonica betonienkraut]

betony

Pliny 25.46.84 The Vettones in Spain discovered the plant called vettonica in Gaul, serratula (“the plant with leaves like a saw”) in Italy, and cestros or psychotrophon by the Greeks, a plant more highly valued than any other. It springs up with an angular stem of two cubits, spreading out from the root leaves rather like those of lapathum, serrated, and with a purple fruiting-head.

betoine

[or as the Saxifragum] This is added by the Translator [Urquhart], The author only says, as Betony.

betoine

Mauvais comparison ; qu’il sagisse ici de Betonica officinalis L., l’a plus réputée dans l’ancienne thétapeutique, ou de B. alopecuros L. comme le pense M. Sainéan (H.N.R., p. 104) ; bétoine a des feuilles crénelées, tandis que les folioles du chanvre sont dentées. (Paul Delaunay)

betoine

Plante aux feuilles crénelées.

betony

Vettones in Hispania eam quae vettonica dicitur in Gallia, in Italia autem serratula, a Graecis cestros aut psychrotrophon, ante cunctas laudatissima. exit anguloso caule cubitorum duum e radice spargens folia fere lapathi, serrata, semine purpureo. folia siccantur in farinam plurimos ad usus. fit vinum ex ea et acetum stomacho et claritati oculorum, tantumque gloriae habet ut domus in qua sata sit tuta existimetur a periculis omnibus.

The Vettones in Spain discovered the plant called vettonica in Gaul, serratula [“The plant with leaves like a saw”] in Italy, and cestros or psychrotrophon by the Greeks, a plant more highly valued than any other. It springs up with an angular stem of two cubits, spreading out from the root leaves rather like those of lapathum, serrated, and with a purple fruiting-head. Its leaves are dried into a powder and used for very many purposes. From it are made a wine and a vinegar, good for the stomach and the eyesight. So great is its fame that the home in which it has been planted is considered to be safe from all danger

betony

betony Forms: (1 betonice), 4-6 betone, 5 betan, batany, 5-6 betany, betayne, betonye, 6 bittonie, byten, bytone, betain(e, 6-7 betonie, 7 bettony, 5- betony. [adopted from French bétoine, adaptation of late Latin *betonia for betonica, written by Pliny (Natural History xxv. 46) vettonica, and said by him to be a Gaulish name for a plant discovered by a Spanish tribe called Vettones.]

A plant (Stachys Betonica) of the Labiate order, having spiked purple flowers and ovate crenate leaves. In former days medicinal and magical virtues were attributed to it.

betony

Crenate – having the edge notched or toothed with rounded teeth, finely scalloped.

faucille

Faucille: a Sickle.